NOTE.-The more a derrick approaches a perper the strain upon the guys.

SECURING LOWER YARDS.t-In hoisting the lower yards, the more you consider the better you will insure their safety. In wha purchases out to the yard-arms, whether by ings, be careful that the purchase pendants The yards should be well topped up, good site side, and trusses well taut after the yar yards be required for a continuance-as the or out heavy guns-the pendant should the down on the opposite side of the deck, and ' top tackle bolt. The yard and masts shou sufficiently for cross-lashing the main-yard up. It would be still advisable to have go the opposite side of the purchase.

TO GET HEAVY MACHINERY IN OR OUT.with planks, and shore the beams well up the machinery is heavy, the best plan is to untruss it, and pass a strong lashing round then have a spare spar, with a piece of p shore from the deck, lashed to the yard, ab yard tackle comes. Over the main hatch securing them with guys to the fore and mai planks under their heels, which should be on hatchway. According to the size of the sh chase, almost any weight may be lifted out recommended, when getting heavy machinery tackle over the hatchway as well as the othe in lowering over the side, use the tackle on as well as the yard tackle.

"By examining the merits and character of a derr. to possess advantages so numerous and valuable as to spect to a lower yard for the purpose of lifting a principal advantages are, that it transfers the whole we well supported by props below; it relieves all anxiety and yard, and it can be placed vertically, or at any ang case. It can be supported without any difficulty, eithe mast; it is very soon rigged and ready for use, and as advantages are sufficiently numerous to recommend where strength is required."-An Enquiry relative to v manship, by Nicholas Tinmouth, Master Attendant, W + From Professional Recollections, by Captain Liadert

YARD.-When a lower yard is uncommon to make a yard with This is frequently done by bring'. which together makes up the 1 by bringing the spare topsail other small spars, as topgallant form of the yard. When the 'n each other in the best possible 1 the yard is formed. tently difficult to keep the spars better to lay any inferior pieces ends guyed to the side of the may be kept safe." bliged to run a hawser up to *aken round the topmast-head, r the topgallantmast to go up considered a very good way of ", securing the end well on the

PARRAL OF THE MAINTOPSAIL-YARD CARRIED AWAY.—A topsail-yard parral may be repaired in the same manner, if carried away in moderate weather, but if blowing hard, with double or close-reefed topsails, the returning weight of the topsail-yard, and force of the sail when thrown aback, might endanger the mast, yard, or lee-topmast rigging, as however taut the weather topsail-brace may be when the parral is carried away, and the ship by the wind, the yard will surge over to leeward, and thereby allow the yard to swing far from the mast. In such a case, instantly man the down-haul tackle and weather clewline, and haul the yard down until the lifts are taut, so that the yard might then be squared, and the parral repaired.

NOTE. The following is recommended by an excellent seaman :-In either case, first spill the sail, without its flapping; unbend the clewlines from the clews; if topgallantsail, make the ends fast on the after trestle-trees; if a topsail, lash the clewline blocks on the after part of the topmast cap crossed; clew down the yard (with help of braces); secure the yard parral afresh.

THE WEATHER MAINTOPSAIL-BRACE GIVEN WAY.-HOW TO GET THE YARD DOWN.-Ease the lee-sheet, to spill the sail; luff the ship to the wind, and lower away the halyards.

THE LOWER-BRACE CARRIED AWAY.-Lower the topsail, letting fly the lee-sheet, and hauling in the weather-braces, if needful; ease off the sheet of the course (short of spilling the sail), and let go the tack, for the first important duty is to save the yard.* If this accident occurs forward, have the weather-helm attended to.

TOPSAIL-BRACE AND PARRAL CARRIED AWAY.-If the weather-brace should be carried away when the parral goes, and the weather yard arm flies far forward, it will then be advisable to put the helm up, and bring the wind on the opposite quarter, keeping the yards braced up, as before, on the mast to which the accident has happened (see Carrying Away Topsail-parral), and steer the ship so as to let the wind blow along the sail of the disabled yard, until it gently returns to the mast. When done, lash the yard on each quarter to the topsail rigging, and the topsail tye-blocks well round the mast, then fit the weather-brace and parral.

NOTE. Too much care cannot be taken in keeping fast the topsail sheets, as upon that will depend much of the safety of the mast, yard, and rigging, as the heavy flapping of a topsail will be likely to shake everything to pieces.

TOPGALLANT-BRACE AND PARRAL CARRIED AWAY.-Brace by the lower and topsail-yards, and, if necessary, sufficiently touch the ship with the helm to throw the topgallantsail slightly aback.

* One scend might break the brace, the next would break the yard; but there would be just time enough for a quick, ready officer to start all the principal gear that would relieve the spar.

"TO MAKE A TEMPORARY LOWER YARD.-When a lower yard is entirely carried away at sea, it is not uncommon to make a yard with the spare spars supplied to the ship. This is frequently done by bringing two studdingsail booms end to end, which together makes up the length of the yard; then to scarf them by bringing the spare topsail and topgallant-yard in the middle, and other small spars, as topgallant studdingsail-booms, &c., to make up the form of the yard. When the different spars are so placed as to overrun each other in the best possible way, they are well woolded together, and the yard is formed.

The rolling of the ship makes it frequently difficult to keep the spars together till woolded, in which case it is better to lay any inferior pieces on the deck as skids, and fix the lower ends guyed to the side of the ship; by this means the different spars may be kept safe."

TOPMAST-STAY CARRIED AWAY.-If obliged to run a hawser up to secure a topmast, the hawser should be taken round the topmast-head, then made fast so as to leave a collar for the topgallantmast to go up or down through. A bowline knot is considered a very good way of making the collar of your temporary stay, securing the end well on the side of the collar on which it is bent.

CUTTING MASTS AWAY.-Always cut the lee rigging away first, then the stays, and afterwards the weather rigging. If riding head to wind, cut away all the rigging on both sides, except the two foremast shrouds, then cut the stays and foremast shrouds together, and stand by for a run forward as the mast falls on either quarter.

TAKEN IN A SQUALL.-A vigilant look-out will usually prevent you being taken by a squall in an unprepared state.

If taken in a squall with the wind on the beam, beforo it, or closehauled, keep your luff, and lower away and clew up all as fast as you can. In doing so the ship will be relieved, and the canvas got in better than if the helm had been put up.

But if taken in a squall with the wind abaft the beam, putting the helm up and running away from it, as well as shortening sail, will then be the readiest mode of easing a ship.

If caught in a squall with studdingsails set, the best plan is to let fly studdingsail-tacks and outer lower halyards, and get the spanker in, if set. By this means you will get command over the vessel, to keep her before the wind if requisite. In letting go royal and topgallant halyards in a squall, never start a sheet; even the topsailhalyards may be let go, and the yard will come down without the topgallant sheets being slacked. Many a sail is split by attempting to clew it up in a squall; whereas if the halyards only are let go, and the

yards clewed down till the first burst of the squall is over, there would be little danger of losing anything.

NOTE.-Letting go the halyards of square sails, of course, refers to a time when no studdingsails are set, as the studdingsail-halyards would prevent a yard from coming down; but if the squall is very severe, then the studdingsail-halyards should be let go, that the yard may come down, as it is better to lose a studdingsail than a topmast, and the studdingsails, after the squall is over, will generally be picked up across the stays.

ON BEAM ENDS.-A vessel is usually thrown upon her beam ends by a sudden squall taking her when under a press of sail, and shifting the ballast. She must be righted, if possible, without cutting away the mast; for, besides sacrificing them, the object can seldom be accomplished in that way if the ballast and cargo have shifted. Carry a hawser from the lee quarter, with spars and other good stopwaters bent to it. As the ships drifts well to leeward, the hawser will bring her stern to the wind; but it may not cast her on the other side. If a spring can be got upon the hawser from the lee bow and hauled upon, and the stern-fast let go, this will bring the wind to act upon the flat part of the deck, and pay her stern off, and assist the spring, when the sails may be trimmed to help her in righting. If she can be brought head to the wind, and the sails be taken aback, she may cast on the other tack. When there is anchoring ground, the practice is to let go. the lee anchor, which may take the sails aback and cast her. Then the ballast and cargo may be righted.

If there is no anchoring ground, a vessel may still be kept head to the wind by paying a chain cable out of the lee hawse-pipe; or by bending a hawser to a large spar, which may be kept broadside to by a span, to the centre of which the hawser is bent. The same operation may be applied to a vessel overset, and is preferable to wearing by a hawser. Make fast the hawser forward to the lee bow, carry the other end aft to windward, and bend it to the spar, and launch the spar overboard. By this means, or by letting go an anchor though there be no bottom to be reached, a vessel may often be recovered.

SHIP ON SHORE-TO TAKE BOWER ANCHOR AND SIXTY FATHOMS OF CHAIN OUT.-Run a kedge and a good hawser away, making a guess warp of it; get the long boat under the bows, and lower away the anchor by the cat-fall. Pass a slip-rope round the shanks of the anchor, having the standing part fast round the thwarts and through the ring; then get as much chain in the boat as she can conveniently carry, and haul out the long-boat by the hawser, veering out chain from the ship until enough; then veer away, and let go.