heavy weights, anchors, &c., in and out; casting a ship on a lee-shore; and securing the masts in the event of accident to the bowsprit. 12. A MASTER must be twenty-one years of age, and have been six years at sea, of which at least one year must have been as First or Only Mate, and one year as Second Mate. In addition to the qualification for a First Mate, he must be able to find the latitude by a star, &c. He will be asked questions as to the nature of the attraction of the ship's iron upon the compass, and as to the method of determining it. He will be examined in so much of the laws of the tides as is necessary to enable him to shape a course, and to compare his soundings with the depths marked on the charts. He will be examined as to his competency to construct jury rudders and rafts; and as to his resources for the preservation of the ship's crew in the event of wreck. He must possess a sufficient knowledge of what he is required to do by law, as to entry and discharge, and the management of his crew, and as to penalties and entries to be made in the official log; and a knowledge of the measures for preventing and checking the outbreak of scurvy on board ship. He will be questioned as to his knowledge of invoices, charter-party, Lloyd's agent, and as to the nature of bottomry, and he must be acquainted with the leading lights of the channel he has been accustomed to navigate, or which he is going to use. In cases where an applicant for a certificate as Master Ordinary has only served in a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel, and is ignorant of the management of a square-rigged vessel, he may obtain a certificate on which the words "fore-and-aft-rigged vessel" will be written. This certificate does not entitle him to command a square-rigged ship. This is not, however, to apply to Mates, who, being younger men, are expected for the future to learn their business completely. 13. An EXTRA MASTER'S EXAMINATION is voluntary, and intended for such persons as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and are desirous of having certificates for the highest grade granted by the Board of Trade. IN NAVIGATION.-As the vessels which such Masters will command frequently make long voyages, to the East Indies, the Pacific, &c., the candidate will be required to work a lunar observation by both sun and star, to determine the latitude by the moon, by Polar star off the meridian, and also by double altitude of the sun, and to verify the result by Sumner's method. He must be able to calculate the altitudes of the sun or star when they cannot be observed for the purposes of lunars, to find the error of a watch by the method of equal altitudes, -and to correct the altitudes observed with an artificial horizon. ADVERTISEMENT ΤΟ THE NINETEENTH EDITION. In this Edition of the "GUIDE BOOK," the examples requiring the use of the Nautical Almanac have been adapted to the year 1872, while considerable additions have been made in various parts of the work, with a view to meet the present requirements of the Examinations. T. L. A. South Shields, August 7th, 1869. Greenwich Date by Chronometer On Finding the Longitude by Chronometer On Finding the Variation by an Azimuth .. On Finding the Latitude by Reduction to Meridian .. On Finding the Latitude by a Meridian Altitude of a Fixed Star Examination Papers Description and Adjustments of the Sextant, &c. On the Chart-Mercator's Chart How to Find the Course to Steer in a Known Current On the Log Line Marking the Lead Line On Soundings Lloyd's Rules for the Stowage of Mixed Cargoes On Stowing Iron, Lead, Machinery, &c. On Rigging Ships On Making and Taking in Sail On Tacking, Wearing, Boxing, &c. Gales of Wind, Lying-to, &c. On the Management of Ships at Single Anchor-with Diagrams Mooring, Unmooring, &c. Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea Rule of the Road-with Diagrams On the Use of Commercial Code of Signals-with Plates Answers 314 323 325 335 337 337 337 339 342 343 345 345 347 EXAMINATIONS OF MASTERS AND MATES I. FOR CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY Under "The Merchant Shipping Act, 1854," AND VOLUNTARY EXAMINATION IN STEAM. UNDER the provisions of "The Merchant Shipping Act, 1854," no "Foreign-going Ship "* or "Home Trade Passenger Ship" can obtain a clearance or transire, or legally proceed to sea, from any port in the United Kingdom unless the Master thereof, and in the case of a Foreign-going Ship the First and Second Mates or Only Mate (as the case may be), and in the case of a "Home Trade Passenger Ship" the First or Only Mate (as the case may be), have obtained and possess valid Certificates, either of Competency or Service, appropriate to their several stations in such ship, or of a higher grade; and no such ship, if of one hundred tons burden or upwards, can legally proceed to sea unless at least one officer besides the Master has obtained and possesses a valid Certificate, appropriate to the grade of Only Mate therein, or to a higher grade; and every person who having been engaged to serve as Master, or as First or Second Mate or Only Mate of any "Foreign-going Ship," or as Master or First or Only Mate of a "Home Trade Passenger Ship," goes to sea as such Master or Mate without being at the time entitled to and possessed of such a Certificate as the Act requires, or who employs any person as Master, or First, Second, or Only Mate of any "Foreign-going Ship," or as Master or First or Only Mate of any "Home Trade Passenger Ship," without ascertaining that he is at By a "Foreign-going Ship" is meant one which is bound to some place out of the United Kingdom beyond the limits included between the River Elbe and Brest; and by a "Home Trade Passenger Ship" is meant any Home Trade Ship employed in carrying Passengers; and it is to be observed that Foreign Steam Ships when employed in carrying Passengers between places in the United Kingdom are subject to all the Provisions of the Act, as regards Certificates of Masters, Mates, and Engineers, to which British Steam Ships are subject: s. 291 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, and s. 5 of the Merchant Shipping Act, &c., Amendment Act, 1162. 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