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tic wants of the other third-which is accompanied, in a thousand ways, by the most profligate expenditure and waste-which institutes the most odious and detestable relation of Master and Servant-a relation in which the petty tyrannies of the one are as disgraceful as the obsequious compliances and deceptions of the other are debasing and which converts the fairest and most lovely portion of God's creation, the Women, into drudges and menials, pecuniarily dependent upon their "Lords and Masters," and wasting their finely-strung powers of mind and heart upon miserable shriveling cares; this Domestic Service-so puzzling to our self-styled Democrats and Christian Philanthropists, becomes, in Association, a system of the wisest economy, of ennobling and mutual helpfulness, before which every man and woman stands in the full stature of Manhood and Womanhood, unbroken by cares, unawed by despotism, conscious of their equality with all their fellows, yet bound to them by the strongest ties of reciprocal service and good-will.

In Art and Science the advantages of Association are scarcely less apparent than in the other branches of industrial activity. The general tendency of artists and scientific men to form Societies for promoting Art and Science is an indication of the benefits to be derived from combined effort, even in the imperfect modes in which only it can be attempted in the present state of social incoherence and clashing interests. If these same men, under a better organization, could concentrate the light of their study and genius; if capital or time were never wanted to enable them to prosecute their experiments; if laboratories, museums, galleries, implements, &c., were always at hand; and if they were always sure of a community disposed to benefit themselves by their discoveries or creations, and to reward them for their pains; then the life of the Artist or Philosopher-too often, alas! a life of penury and neglect would become a life of extensive usefulness and glory; and those treasures of knowledge, too much confined to the cloister and the studio, attainable by all, would diffuse universally the means of health, improvement, and gladness.

But it is in Education that the glories of concentrated effort shine out in their brightest lustre. What is especially wanted, in regard to the instruction of the People, is, that it should be universal and integral, that it should embrace every member of the human race, and likewise every faculty of every such member, in due relation and harmony with other faculties. These objects, however, are quite unattainable under existing arrangements, where a large portion of the children have no educational provision made for them, or are unable, on account of the need of laboring for subsistence, to avail themselves of such provisions as are made-while the education which they receive, even under the most favorable circumstances, is partial, elementary, incomplete, and often erroneous. But in a well-regulated Association it would be otherwise. Every child in the community would be progressively educated, from the earliest periods of infancy to the latest moments of its life; educated by masters, each of whom would be abundantly competent in his particular department, and by methods which would combine practical instruction in different branches of useful industry, with the highest

development of scientific principles and results. By the nice and beautiful distribution, which an organization of groups and series allows, there would be always a numerous and highly intelligent body, composed both of men and women, devoted, from capacity and love, to the industrial training of children, to the best methods of secular teaching and moral discipline, and to the continuous application of the positive precepts of Religion. No collegiate institution in this country-scarcely one among the old and richly endowed institutions of Europe, could equal the Seminary which the poorest Association might easily establish either in the amount or variety of knowledge which would be communicated. All the facilities of improvement to be derived from books, from museums, from collections of art, and from experimental philosophy, would be heightened by the opportunities afforded for practical applications, in the fields and workshops, so feebly furnished in agricultural and manual-labor schools. The very amusements of childhood might readily be converted into sources of instruction; and thus body and mind would be developed together, the most vigorous physical health contributing to the vigor and growth of the mind. Surely, if there were no other advantages to be derived from organic concentration, the advantages of it, as a mere educational establishment, would suffice to recommend it to benevolent and Christian men.

In any of the departments of Industrial Activity, then, scientific combination is of very great importance; but who shall essay to estimate that importance, when this combination includes, not a single element only, but all the elements of social life? when all the rays of life shall be concentrated into one grand collective whole, in one great central focus?: What an idea must these brief suggestions furnish of the efficiency of a thoroughly organized Association! Where twelve or fifteen hundred. persons, or three or four hundred families are concentrated in one unitary mansion or domestic club, or rather where one series of domestic clubs of different degrees of rank and fortune, are united in one general administration; where several miles of territory are cultivated as a jointstock property, according to the best practical and scientific knowledge; where manufacturing and art and science are pursued, in their various relationships, by hundreds of votaries practising and studying in concert; where useless competition and retail complication in commercial intercourse would be eradicated by a wholesale system of commercial credit and economy, and where consequently every thing would be had at wholesale prices, and of unadulterated quality; where moral and religious agency would always be at hand to discipline the mass and neutralize the influence of individual depravity; where individual cleanliness and industry would be guarantied by general necessity, and where individual license would be kept in awe by the perpetual presence of public and collective decency-there would be true fraternal, Christian Association, and Society approaching its natural state of moral Equilibrium and Harmony.

SV. ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY.

For there would be realized the grandest practical conception that ever entered the mind of Genius, that of Industry rendered attractive.

In the present condition of Labor, this phrase is almost a solecism in terms. Indeed, so long as Society remains in its incoherent and selfish relations, it must remain under the original curse of monotonous, degrading and afflictive toil. In the sweat of its brow must it eat bread, But when the true principles of Christian Love shall be applied to all its relations, then shall even labor be redeemed.

The reason why Labor is now repulsive, and the possibility of making it attractive, can easily be shown.

There is nothing repugnant to the nature of Man in activity itself, but on the contrary that Nature is so constructed that it demands activity. The circumstances under which we labor alone constitute the hardship of Labor. Many of our so-called Pleasures require ten times the activity of the most protracted toil, and yet they are eagerly pursued. Now, why is this? Let us see.

The Nature of Man requires wealth, elegance, health, and the gratification of the senses. But isolated labor, under the arrangements in which it is now prosecuted, often offends the senses, cramps and deforms the organs of the body, destroys the health, and, after all, earns scarcely more than a bare subsistence for the workman and his miserable family. Need we be surprised that such labor is repugnant, or that as the workman ascends the social scale and these causes of offence are removed, that his work becomes more and more agreeable? Is there not, then, reason to hope that in Association, where these causes will be altogether removed, that work will become altogether agreeable?

Again: The Nature of Man requires the union and sympathy of persons who are agreeable to each other, men, women, children, parents, friends, colleagues, reciprocally bound by ties of affection. But isolated labor, as now conducted, either wholly separates men, during all the long hours of the day, from companionship, or forces them into the company of others whom they do not love, and for whose vices of manners or morals they may feel a profound disgust. The necessity of living obliges them to endure the annoyance-yet it is an annoyance which can only be abated in the free groups of Association.

The Nature of Man requires movement and variety, a frequent change and contrast of positions, and the alternate and successive exercise of all his faculties, both of body and mind. But Labor, prosecuted as it is at present, chains him to one unyielding monotonous task, hardly relieved by even a solitary recreation, and presenting no hope of improvement for the future. In Association we have seen that this monotony could not exist.

Finally, the Nature of Man needs enthusiasm, rivalries, and the consciousness of working together with others for some noble and disinterested end. But the isolated labor of the present system presents the most selfish motives to the workman, who is at best striving merely to keep himself and family in life, without those loftier considerations of general good which would give dignity to his toil, elevate his selfrespect, and bind him with the strongest bonds of fraternal regard to his race. In Association, the working-man will feel that he is but one of many, engaged in the grand and mighty solution of Man's destiny on Earth, a co-equal among brothers, a Servant of Humanity, a Steward of

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Heaven, in the distribution of its richest bounties. Even the most trifling task would partake of a high and exalting character; every act of the hand would be an act of benevolence; Work, as the old proverb expresses it, would be Worship, and the whole of our life a continuous living ascription of thankfulness to God.

Is there one of the amusements, so hotly followed by men of this world, which would not be converted into a degradation and abhorrence, if we were compelled to follow them under the conditions to which Labor is subjected? Would the opera, or the ball, or the theatre, or any other mode of divertisement, present a single charm if it could only be obtained under the circumstances in which Labor is performed? Would those things continue to be pleasure, if they were only to be found in dingy and noisome workshops, amid low and indecent companions, protracted throughout the entire day, and undertaken for some paltry motive? On the other hand, would not Labor, in clean, wholesome, and ornamented rooms, in the presence of friends and allies, short in duration, frequently varied, and animated by purposes of general good, soon cease to excite aversion, and become as attractive as it is now disagreeable and repugnant? It behoves those who are inquiring as to the best method of elevating the working-classes to think of these views.

§ VI. ORDER, JUSTICE, AND LIBERTY.

The peculiar constitution of Society, which we have just sketched in briefest outline, is alone adequate to meet all the wants of Social and Individual Man. It is by the rightful organization of Industry only that the indispensable guarantees and conditions of Truth, Justice, Order, and Freedom can be established in all the relations of existence.

What Society wants is Justice and Order; what the Individual wants is ascertained means of Subsistence, perfect Freedom, and the opportunity of developing every noble and useful faculty; and these, we repeat, must come through the regular Organization of Labor.

The general practice of Justice and Truth in Society is wholly impossible, so long as Labor shall remain in its present state. So long as there shall be Masters and Workmen, or individuals, some of whom are interested in obtaining from others the greatest amount of work at the lowest possible cost, while the others are equally interested in doing the least amount of work at the most exorbitant price; so long as there shall be Producers and Dealers interested in raising the value of Products, and, on the other side, Consumers interested in depreciating this value; so long as there shall be Producers and Merchants interested in the ruin of each other, and Workmen impelled to enter into fatal competition with other Workmen, there must be Duplicity and Injustice in the state of all our practical relations. We must begin by introducing the practice of Truth and Equity, in the sphere of Labor, if we would see it prevail in other spheres. Labor is the chief element in the life of Man-the most numerous, the most important interests of Life depend upon Labor; and when it shall be fully organized, on a principle of Harmony instead of Antagonism, the most vast and beautiful ameliorations must follow in its train. When all men shall work VOL. II.-6

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for each other, and no more against each other, the temptations to Selfishness and Fraud will have been removed, and every individual will find that the more ardent his devotion to Truth and Justice, the more certainly he will add even to his external means of Happiness. "Seek first," say the Scriptures, "the Kingdom of Heaven, and all worldly comforts shall be added thereunto"-establish Unity in your Industrial relations, and Wealth will be the consequence of Integrity.

Then, too, the blessings of Public Order shall be secured; for the debasing and maddening wants of the Poor, which now drive them into frantic insolence and riot, shall be abundantly satisfied; the oppressions of Capital, ever striving against Labor, until the last is forced into desperate reaction, shall cease; and those awful contrasts of Condition, which are not natural, but the result of the heaped-up abuses of many centuries, and which excite so much of turbulent jealousy and leveling spleen, shall give way before Equitable Inequality and Distributive Justice. Oh! it is saddening to see, in the present state of competitive strife, how class is dashed against class, in all the unbridled fury of prejudice and hatred-how the Poor trace their miseries to the Rich, and how the Rich neglect or fear the degradation of the Poor; to see that there is so little mutual confidence, so much of separation, such iniquities of Exaction and Fraud on all sides; our very modes of Charity often disgraceful to the giver and insulting and useless to the receiver; Honor and Love alike trampled out in the whirl of Business, and the noblest natures made to grind at the wheel of imperious Necessity, while they might be sending pulses of Joy and Health to the remotest extremities of the globe. But, thank God, that through the triumphs of Organic Combination and Social Unity, we can see an end to these terrific despotisms and confusions of circumstance!

For, it is through the Organization of Industry that the Individual will finally be emancipated from Industrial Slavery, from Pauperism and Care, and from false Social positions. In the combined Township, where all kinds of Labor will be open to all, he will, for the first time, find himself free. It is a beggarly and contemptible notion of Freedom, which confines it to the right to locomotion or the right to vote. Man has higher needs and nobler aims than these. He wants Freedom to Labor-to express his inward nature in outward forms; freedom from perpetual anxiety, that he may give his mind to quiet meditation and creative thought; freedom to train every physical and intellectual faculty to its highest degree of activity and refinement; freedom to enjoy all the works of Art, all the discoveries of Science, all the revelations of Religion; freedom to mingle in joyful intercourse with his fellows-to give intensity to his domestic ties, and to share the blessedness of a comfortable and peaceful home; freedom, in short, to use God's world in a manner worthy of himself and his Creator, and thus fulfil his Destiny on Earth.

To the achievement of this exalted and comprehensive freedom, there is necessary an abundance of wealth, attainable by all, the certainty of various employment, and a universal circulation of knowledge and love -all utterly impracticable in a condition of society where the few only

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