In taking the length and breadth of a window, the cross-bars between the squares are included. Also windows of round or oval forms are measured as square, measuring them to their greatest length and breadth, on account of the waste in cutting the glass.

CARPENTERS' AND JOINERS' WORK.

To this branch belongs all the wood-work of a house, such as flooring, partitioning, roofing, etc.

Large and plain articles are usually measured by the square foot or yard, etc.; but enriched mouldings, and some other articles, are often estimated by running or lineal measure, and some things are rated by the piece.

In measuring of joists, take the dimensions of one joist, and multiply its content by the number of them; considering that each end is let into the wall about of the thickness, as it ought to be.

Partitions are measured from wall to wall for one dimension; and from floor to floor, as far as they extend, for the other.

The measure of Centering for Cellars is found. by making a string pass over the surface of the arch for the breadth, and taking the length of the cellar for the length; but in groin centering, it is usual to allow double measure, on account of their extraordinary trouble.

In Roofing, the dimensions as to length, breadth, and depth, are taken as in flooring joists, and the contents computed the same way.

In Floor-boarding, take the length of the room for one dimension, and the breadth for the other, to multiply together for the content.

For Stair-cases, take the breadth of all the steps, by making a line ply close over them, from the top to the bottom, and multiply the length of this line by the length of a step, for the whole area. By the length of a step is meant the length of the front and the returns at the two ends; and by the breadth is to be understood the girts of its two outer surfaces, or the tread and riser.

For the Balustrade, take the whole length of the upper part of the hand-rail, and girt over its end till it meets the top of the newel-post, for the one dimension; and twice the length of the baluster on the landing, with the girt of the hand-rail, for the other dimension.

To measure Grindstones, which are sold by the stone, a cylinder, 24 inches in diameter and 4 inches thick, multiply together, in inches, half the diameter, once and a half the diameter, and the thickness. Then divide by 1728.

Thus. a grindstone of 4 feet diameter and 6 inches 24 × 72 × 6 thickness contains

=6 stone.

1728

PLUMBERS' WORK.

Plumbers' work is rated at so much a pound.

Sheet lead, used in roofing, guttering, etc., is from 6 to 10 lbs. to the square foot, and a pipe of an inch bore is commonly 12 or 13 to the yard in length, as seen below:

To get the capacity of a well or cistern, multiply the square of the diameter in inches by .7854, and this product by the depth in inches. Divide this product by 231 for the number of gallons, by 72765 for the number of barrels, and by 14353 for the number of hogsheads.

This is simply applying the rule for the measurement of cylinders. For ordinary purposes, the following approximations are sufficiently accurate:

Square the diameter in feet, and multiply by the depth in feet: then, for gallons, multiply by 6 (more nearly, 5.788).

For barrels, divide by 5 (more nearly, multiply by .18381).

For hogsheads, divide by 11 (more nearly, multiply by .0919).

Thus, a cistern 10 ft. deep and 4 feet in diameter

or 16 × 10 × 6 = 960 gals.

How deep must be a cistern 2 ft. in diameter to contain 1,000 gals?

1,000

=

4 x 6 6 nearly.-Ans.

What is the diameter of a well 15 ft. deep, which when full holds 9 bbls?

What are the contents of a vat 10 ft. in diameter

or, 100 × 6 × 6 = 3,600 gals.-Ans. How many more gallons does a well 10 ft. in diameter and 8 ft. deep contain, than one 8 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. deep?

(100 × 8 × 6) (64 × 10 × 6) = 160 × 6 = 960 gals.-Ans.

The unit of Board Measure is a square foot one inch thick. Hence, to measure boards,

If one inch thick, multiply the length in feet by the breadth in inches, and divide by 12. If the board taper, multiply by half the width of both ends added.

Thus, a board 12 feet long and 8 inches wide, contains 8 feet. A board 14 feet long, 12

12 × 8

12