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but bad and interested physicians, or ignorant and cɔnceited quacks, administer it so ill to the rest of mankind. that much of the benefit of it is unhappily lost.

LORD LYTTELTON.

CHAPTER VIII.

Public Speeches.

SECTION 1.

a Cic-e-ro, sis'-d-rò, a Roman oratore Em-bez-zie, êm bêz'-zl, to appropriate

son of a Roman Knight, born a Arpinum

Ver-res, vêr'-rèz, a Roman who governed the province of Sicily as præ

tor

Al-lay, ál-là, to abate

d Im-pu-ta-tion, im-pù-tà'-shan, cen sure, reproach, reflection

e Ef-fec-tu-al-ly, ef-fék'-tshu-al-lè, powerfully, efficaciously

f Pros-e-cu-tion, pros-sè-kù'-shån, pursuit, pursuit in law

g Con-vict, kôn-vikt', to prove guilty A Prop-a-ga-tor, prop'-a-gå-tår, a sprea der, promoter

i Slan-der-ous,slân'-dår-ås, calumnious, c

false

j Ac-quit, åk-kwit', to set free, to ab solve, to discharge a duty

k Pam-phyl-i-a, pám-fil'-lè-a, a proe vince of Asia Minor anciently called Alopsopia

7 Scourge, skårje, to lash, whip, a lash, a whip

m Au-thor-i-ty, åw-thor'-è-tè, power, influence

n Bi-as, bl'-ás, to incline to some side o Pros-e-cu-tor, prôs'-se-kù-tår,

one

who pursues another by law p Ir-reg-u-lar-i-ty,ir-rêg-gå-lår -è-tè, deviation from rule Quæs-tor-ship, kwès'-tår-ship, the office of a quæstor Cne-ius-Car-bo,nè'-yås-kår'-bò, a Roman Orator

8 Treas-u-rer, trêzh'-à-rår, one who has the care of the money of a state t Vi-o-late, vi'-d-låte, to injure, to infringe

by breach of trust, to waste Sic-il-ian, sis-sîl'-yân, a native of Sicily

Un al-ien-a-ble, ûn-åle'-yên-á-bl, not

transferable

c Prec-e-dent, prês'-sè-dént, a rule for example

y Ar-bi-tra-ry år'-bè-trá-rè, despotick, absolute

z Com-put kom-pute', to calculate, to

coun

a Al-ly, alt, one united to another, to unite

f

j

A-tro-cious, a-tro'-shas, wicked in a high degree, horrid

Ex-empt, égz-ěmt', free from, to privilege, to free from Un-ex-cep-tion-a-ble,ôn-ek-sep'-shůnå-bl, not liable to objection Har-bour, här bår, to entertain, shelter, a shelter

Pi-rate, pi'-rât, a sea robber Rav-ag-er, råv'-vidje-år, one who lays waste, one who spoils Det-ri-ment, dêt'-trè-mênt, loss, damage, mischief, hurt

Ex-cla-ma-tion, êks-klá-ma'-shůn, vehement outcry

Al-lege, ál-lédje', to affirm, plead as

an excuse

k Cru-ci-fix-ion, kr88-sè-fîk'-shẳn, the
punishment of nailing to a cross
7 Pub-li-us-Ga-vi-us-Co-sa-nus, påb'-
le-is-gå-ve-us-ko-sa-nus,

m Syr-a-cuse, sir'-à-kuze, a celebrated
city of Sicily

n Lu-ci-us Pre-ti-us,là'-she-is-prè'-she

Pa-nor-mus, på-nor'-mås, this name

was common to seven differentfr Mag-is-trate, måd ́-jfs-tråte, a man intowns in Asia and Europe vested with authority p At-test, at-test', to witness, to call to s Sub-ver-sion, såb-ver'-shin, overwitness, to avouch

throw

In-fe-ri-our,in-fè'-re-ůr,lower in place,t An-ar-chy, ân'-år-kè, want of govern

1.

subordinate

ment

CICERO against VERRES.'

THE time is come, Fathers, when that which has

long been wished for, towards allaying the envy your order has been subject to, and removing the imputations against trials, is effectually put in your power. An opinion has long prevailed, not only here at home, but likewise in foreign countries, both dangerous to you, and pernicious to the state,-that, in prosecutions, men of wealth are always safe, however clearly convicted.s

2. There is now to be brought upon his trial before you, to the confusion, I hope, of the propagaters of this slanderous imputation, one whose life and actions condemn him in the opinion of all impartial persons: but who, according to his own reckoning and declared dependence upon his riches, is already acquitted; I mean Caius Verres. 1 demand justice of you, Fathers, upon the robber of the public treasury, the oppressor of Asia Minor and Pamphylia, the invader of the rights and privileges of Romans, the scourge and curse of Sicily.

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3. If that sentence is passed upon him which his crimes deserve, your authority, Fathers, will be venerable and sacred in the eyes of the public; but if his great riches should bias" you in his favour, I shall still gain one point, to make it apparent to all the world, that what was, wanting in this case, was not a criminal nor a prosecutor," but justice and adequate punishment.

4. To pass over the shameful irregularities of his youth, what does his quæstorship, the first public employment he held, what does it exhibit, but one contínued scene of villanies? Cneius Carbo," plundered of the public money by his own treasurer, a counsel stripped and betrayed, an army deserted and reduced to want, a province robbed, the civil and religious rights of a people violated.

5. The employment he held in Asia Minor and Pamphylia, what did it produce but the ruin of those countries? in which houses, cities, and temples, were robbed by him. What was his conduct in his prætorship here

at home? Let the plundered temples, and public works neglected, that he might embezzle" the money intended for carrying them on, bear witness. How did he discharge the office of a judge? Let those who suffered by his injustice answer. But his prætorship in Sicily crowns all his works of wickedness, and finishes a lasting monument to his infamy.

6. The mischiefs done by him in that unhappy country, during the three years of his iniquitious adininistration, are such, that many years, under the wisest and best of prators, will not be sufficient to restore things to the condition in which he found them; for it is notorious, that, during the time of his tyranny, the Sicilians" neither enjoyed the protection of their own original laws; of the regulations made for their benefit by the Roman senate, upon their coming under the protection of the commonwealth; nor of the natural and unalienable rights of

men.

7. His nod has decided all causes in Sicily for these three years. And his decisions have broken all laws, all precedent, all right. The sums he has, by arbitrary taxes and unheard-of impositions, extorted from the industrious poor, are not to be computed. The most faithful allies of the commonwealth have been treated as enemies.

8. Roman citizens have, like slaves, been put to death with tortures. The most atrocious criminals, for money, have been exempted from the deserved punishments; and men of the most unexceptionabled characters, condemned and banished unheard. The harbours,e though sufficiently fortified, and the gates of strong towns, have been open to pirates and ravagers.

9. The soldiery and sailors, belonging to a province under the protection of the commonwealth, have been starved to death; whole fleets, to the great detriment of the province, suffered to perish. The ancient monuments of either Sicilian or Roman greatness, the statues of heroes and princes, have been carried off; and the temples stripped of the images.

10. Having, by his iniquitous sentences, filled the pris ons with the most industrious and deserving of the people, he then proceeded to order numbers of Roman citizens to be strangled in the gaols: so that the exclamation, "I am a citizen of Rome!" which has often, in the most distant regions, and among the most barbarous peo

ple, been a protection, was of no service to them; but, on the contrary, braught a speedier and a more severe punishment upon them.

11. I ask now, Verres, what thou hast to advance against this charge? Wilt thou pretend to deny it? Wilt tho pretend that any thing false, that even any thing aggravated is alleged against thee? Had any prince or any state, committed the same outrage against the privilege of Roman citizens, should we not think we had sufficient ground for demanding satisfaction?

12. What punishment ought, then, to be inflicted upon a tyrannical and wicked prætor, who dared, at no greater distance than Sicily, within sight of the Italian coast, to put to the infamous death of crucifixion, that unfortunate and innocent citizen, Publius Gavius Cosanus,' only for his having asserted his privilege of citizenship, and declared his intention of appealing to the justice of his country, against the cruel oppressor, who had unjustly confined him in prison at Syracuse," whence he had just made his escape.

13. The unhappy man, arrested as he was going to embark for his native country, is brought before the wicked prætor. With eyes darting fury, and a countenance distorted with cruelty, he orders the helpless victim of his rage to be stripped, and rods to be brought: accusing him, but without the least shadow of evidence, or even of suspicion, of having come to Sicily as a spy.

14. It was in vain that the unhappy man cried out, "I am a Roman citizen: I have served under Lucius Pretius," who is now at Panormus, and will attest my innocence." The blood-thirsty prætor, deaf to all he could urge in his own defence, ordered the infamous punishment to be inflicted.

15. Thus, fathers, was an innocent Roman citizen publicly mangled with scourging; whilst the only words he uttered, amidst his cruel sufferings, were, "I am a Roman citizen!" With these he hoped to defend himself from violence and infamy. But of so little service was this privilege to him, that, whilst he was thus asserting his citizenship, the order was given for his execution,— for his execution upon the cross!

16. O liberty!O sound once delightful to every Roman ear!-O sacred privilege of Roman citizenship !once sacred!-now trampled upon !-But what then! Is it come to this? Shall an inferior? magistrate," a govern

or, who holds his whole power of the Roman people, in a Roman province, within sight of Italy, bind, scourge, torture with fire and red hot plates of iron, and at last put to the infamous death of the cross, a Roman citizen? 17. Shall neither the cries of innocence expiring in agony, nor the tears of pitying spectators, nor the majesty of the Roman commonwealth, nor the fears of the justice of his country, restrain the licentious and wanton cruelty of a monster, who, in confidence of his riches, strikes at the root of liberty, and sets mankind at defiance?

18. I conclude with expressing my hopes, that your wisdom and justice, fathers, will not, by suffering the atrocious and unexampled insolence of Caius Verres to escape due punishment, leave room to apprehend the danger of a total subversion of authority, and the introduction of general anarchy' and confusion.

CICERO'S ORATIONS,

SECTION II.

a Ad-her-bal, ád-her'-bál, son of Micip-fr Con-grat-u-late, kôn-gråtsh ́-d-lkte, ta sa, and grandson of Masinissa, put to death by Jugurtha

b Ju-gur-tha, ju-går'-thá, the illegitimate son of Manastabal, brother oft Micipsa

s

c Mi cip-sa, mé-sip'-så, a king of Nu-jv
midia, son of Masinissa

d Con junct-ly, kôn-jůnkt'-le, jointly
e Hi-emp-sal, hè-êm'-sál, a king of Nu-;
midia

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Nu-mid-i-a, no-mid'-é-a, an inland country of Africa, now the king-y dom of Algiers

g Pro-pri-e-tor, prò-pri'-è-tår, possessor in his own right

Mas-i-nis-sa, Más-è-nis'-så, a king of a small part of Africa So-lic-it, so-lls'-sit, to entreat, exeite j An-ces-tor, an'-ses-tår, a forefather Bur-den-some, bûr d'n-sům, grievous, troublesome

Ne-ces-si-ty, nè-sês'-sè-tè, compulsion, want, poverty

z

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compliment upon any happy event Drench, drêush, to soak, steep, phy

sick

Pal-ace, pål'-lås. a royal edice
Im-brue, im-br88', to rteep, soak
Reck, reek, to smoke, steam, exhale,
to emit vapour

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Mu-tu-al, mů'-1ɛhù- reciprocal,
qual
Dun-geon, dûn'-jôn, a dark loathsovie
prison
In-tol-er-a-ble, în-tól′ lêr-å-bl, insuf-
ferable, not to be endured, bad be
yond sufferance

Intru-der, in-troo' der, one who for
ces himself into company

z In-sin-u-a-tion, In-sin-uù-à-shin, the power of pleasing

Em-is-sar-y, êm'-is-sár-ré, a spy, a ɛecret agent

Ven-geance, vên'-jánse, punishment, penal retribution

d

m Re-sent-ment, rè-zênt'-mênt, a deep sense of injury

Dis-sem-ble, dis-sêm'-bl, to deceive by false appearances

e

Im-pi-ous, Im'-pe-ds, wicked, profane

Ex-pel, aks-pêl', to drive out, banish

Ex-ile, eks-lle, banishment, a person,

o Sy-phax, s'-faks, a king of the Ma saesylii in Lybya

banished

g

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U-surp-er, yu-zůrp'-ůr, one who seizes another's right

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De-feat, de-fete, destruction, to over

Ar-bi-ter, år-be-ter, a judge to whom parties submit

throw, to destroy

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