Cantons of Switzerland, and the Seven United Provinces, usually called Holland.

A Democracy is a form of government where the supreme and legislative powers are exercised by the common people, either at large or by their representatives.

An Oligarchy is a form of government where the supreme power is in the hands of a few principal persons. A Military government is that, wherein the governing power exercises all the functions of sovereignty by the assistance of the soldiers.

A mixed Government is that wherein two or more of the foregoing forms are united. Thus, the British Government, is partly monarchical, partly aristocratical, and partly democratical.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON MAPS.*

A Map is a representation of the surface of the earth, or a part thereof, upon a plane. The top or upper part of a map is always north, the bottom south, the right hand east, and the left hand west.

The Latitudes of places are counted northward and southward on the sides of the map.

The Longitudes of places are counted eastward and westward, at the top or bottom of the map.

Land is distinguished from the Sea or the Ocean by strong black lines, which are shaded towards the sea. The Seas and Oceans are generally entire blanks, without any colouring.

Lakes are distinguished from the land, by strong black lines, which are shaded towards the water.

The course of the Winds is shown by arrows which fly before the wind as if shot from a bow.

The depth of Water, or Soundings at the mouths of rivers, and on the different coasts, is represented by figures. Two yards make a fathom, and these figures show the number of fathoms.

* A more ample description is given in a succeeding part of the work.

CHAP. II.

Grand Division of Europe.

BOUNDARIES.

EUROPE is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by the Oural mountains, the river Wolga, the river Don and the sea of Asoph, which divide it from Asiatic Russia; on the south-east by the Black Sea, the strait of Constantinople, the sea of Marmora, the strait of the Dardanelles, and the Archipelago, which divide it from Turkey in Asia; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, which separates it from Africa; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, which divides it from North America.

EXTENT.

Europe is 3500 miles long, from Cape St. Vincent, in the south of Portugal, to the straits of Waygatz, which separate Nova Zembla from the continent; and 2432 miles broad, from the North Cape, in the island of Maggeroe, Danish Lapland, to Cape Matapan, in the Morea, the southern extremity of Greece.

Sweden..........

Holland

...

.Edinburgh, near the Frith of
Forth.

.................Dublin, on the Liffey.

...

.Bergen, a sea port.

.Copenhagen, in the Island of

Zealand.

.....Stockholm, on Lake Meller.

Russia............................................. ...Petersburgh, on the river Neva.

.............................Amsterdam, on the Amstel.

The Netherlands............Brussels, on the Seine.

GERMAN STATES.

Empire of Austria............ Vienna, on the Danube.

Countries.

Chief Places.

Kingdom of Saxony.........Dresden, on the Elbe.

Hanover......Hanover, on the Leine.
Bavaria.........Munich, on the Iser.
Wirtemberg...Stutgard, near the Neckar.
Bohemia ......Prague, on the Maldau.
Hungary........Presburg, and Buda, on the

Danube.

Prussia.........Berlin, on the Spree, and Ko-
nigsberg, on the Pregel.

Poland.......... Warsaw, and Cracow, on the
Vistula.

Switzerland... Bern, on the Aar.
France..........Paris, on the Seine.
Spain.....Madrid, on the Manzanares.
Portugal........Lisbon, on the Tagus.

ITALIAN STATES.

Venice...............

Genoa

Parma........

Tuscany.............

Naples.................

Sicily....

Turkey......

..Milan, on the Olona.

.Venice, on the Adriatic Sea. ....Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. .Parma, on the Parma. .Florence, on the Arno.

States of the Church......Rome, on the Tiber.

.Naples, on the Bay of Naples.
.Palermo, on the North Coast.

...Constantinople, on the Bospho

rus.

PRINCIPAL ISLANDS IN EUROPE.

I. In the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic, &c.

Nova-Zembla, in the Arctic Ocean, north of Russia. Spitsbergen, in the Arctic Ocean, north of Lapland. The Orkney, Shetland, and Ferro Islands to the north of Scotland.

The Hebrides, to the west of Scotland.

The Island of Great Britain, comprehending England, Scotland, and Wales.

Ireland, west of Great Britain.

The Isle of Man, and the Island of Anglesea, in the Irish Sea.

The Scilly Islands, south-west of England.

Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, in the English channel, south of Dorsetshire.

Isle of Wight, on the coast of Hampshire.

Ushant, Belle-Isle, Noir Moutier, Isle d'Yeu, Isle de Rhé, and Oleron, on the western coast of France.

II. In the Mediterranean Sea.

Ivica, Formentera, Majorca, Minorca, east of Spain.
Hieres, on the coast of France, south of Provence.
Corsica and Sardinia, west of Italy.

Malta to the south, and the Lipari Islands to the north of Sicily.

III. The Illyrian Islands in the Gulf of Venice. Cherso, Osero, Veglia, Pago, Brazza, Lesina, Lissa, Curzola, Meleda. These islands all belong to Austria. IV. The Ionian Islands West of the Morea.

Corfu, Paxo, St. Maura, Teaki or Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante, and Cerigo. These islands are sometimes called the Republic of the Seven Islands.

V. In the Archipelago and Levant.

Tenedos, Lemnos, Scyros, Lesbos, or Mytilene, Scio' or Chios, Samos, Patmos, Delos, and the islands contiguous, called the Cyclades, Cos or Stanchio, &c. The larger islands are Negropont, Candia, and Rhodes.

VI. In the North Sea, between Great Britain,

Holland, &c.

The Isle of Thanet, Sheppy, Holy Island, &c. on the eastern coast of England.

Cadsand, Walcheren, Schouwen, Voora, &c., on the western coast of Holland; and Texel, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland, &c., on the north.

Heligoland on the coast of Holstein, between the Elbe and the Eyder

Nordstrand, Fora, Sylt, &c., on the western coast of Jutland.

The Islands of Leffoden, west of Norway.

VII. In the Cattegat and Baltic Sea.

Lesso, Anholt, and Marstrand in the Cattegat. Zealand, Funen, Laland, Langland, &c., forming the Kingdom of Denmark.

Bornholm, Oeland, and Gothland, on the coast of Sweden.

Aland, with a great number of small islands west of Finland.

Osel and Dago, near the Gulf of Riga, and Cronstadt, or Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland.

Rugen, Usedom, and Wollin, north of Pomerania, near the mouth of the Oder.

CHIEF CAPES AND PENINSULAS.

Duncansby Head, north of Scotland.
Flamborough Head, east of Yorkshire.

Spurn Head, a level piece of land jutting into the sea, south-east of Yorkshire.

North and South Foreland, in Kent.

Beachey Head and Selsey Bill, in Sussex.

St. Alban's Head and Bill of Portland, in Dorsetshire. Start Point, Ram's Head, and Hartland Point, Devonshire.

Land's End and Lizard Point, in Cornwall.

Holyhead, Anglesea.

Great Orm's Head, Denbighshire.

Fair Head, north of Ireland.

Cape Clear, south of Ireland.

North Cape, Lapland.

The Naze, south of Norway.

The Scaw, north of the peninsula of Jutland.

Cape La Hogue, north of France.

Cape Ortegal, Cape Finisterre, north of Spain.

Cape Roca, or the Rock of Lisbon, and Cape St. Vin

cent, west of Portugal.

Cape Trafalgar, near the strait of Gibraltar.

Cape Gata, south of Grenada, in Spain.