Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

Compressive Strain per
Square Inch.

Lbs.

TABLE 97.-Of the COMPRESSION of WROUGHT IRON by CRUSHING STRAINS: from Direct Experiments on two Bars 1 Inch Square.

Tons.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

TABLE 97. Of the COMPRESSION of WROUGHT IRON by CRUSHING STRAINS continued.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

7 tons per square inch. In Table 99 the cols. 2 and 3 have been taken from cols. 4, 4, of Tables 88, 96, and col. 4 gives the ratio which increases regularly throughout, this fact being due to defect of elasticity in the cast iron as opposed to the almost perfect elasticity of wrought iron, the ratio rising from 2.066 with 1 ton to 3.008 with 7 tons per square inch. Thus, even with so low a strain as 1 ton, the extension of cast iron is more than double that of wrought iron.

(630.) But this statement does not give a clear idea of the effect of the unequal resistance to the same extension which happens in those numerous cases where the two materials are so combined that a given load must of necessity stretch them both to the same extent. Thus, in Fig. 123, let A be a rod of cast iron one square inch in area, and B a similar one of wrought iron stretched simultaneously and of necessity to the same extent by the weight W. Now, with say 4 tons per square inch on A the extension by col. 4 of Table 88 would be ⚫00077282,

TABLE 98.-Of the MEAN COMPRESSION of WROUGHT IRON by CRUSHING STRAINS: from Direct Experiment.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

TABLE 99.-Of the COMPARATIVE EXTENSION of CAST and WROUGHT IRON under the same TENSILE STRAINS.

[blocks in formation]

and as B must also be stretched to that same extent, the question is, What will be the tensile strain due to that extension with wrought iron? By col. 4 of Table 96, the strain is some

=

where between 9 and 10 tons per square inch, and by interpolation we shall find the exact strain to be 9.555 tons; the weight W in Fig. 123 is therefore 4 + 9.555 13.555 tons. Instead, therefore, of the two bars A and B dividing the load equally between themselves, we find that it is very unequally divided: Table 100 has been calculated in this way; col. 4 shows that the ratio of the strains is variable, attaining a maximum with 4 tons per square inch.

TABLE 100.-Of the COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE of CAST and WROUGHT IRON to the same amount of EXTENSION by TENSILE STRAINS.

[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed]

(631.) We found in (617) that the working safe tensile strain on cast iron was about 23 tons, with which the extension was .000413; now with that extension the resistance of wrought iron would, by col. 5 of Table 91, be somewhere between 5 and 6 tons per square inch, and by interpolation we find the exact strain to be 5.31 tons, from which we find the weight W =2.33 +5.31 = 7.64 tons.

(632.) We have so far supposed that the bars A, B, were of the same area for the sake of illustration; obviously the areas might be adjusted so that the weight borne by the two bars would be equalized, but the strains per square inch could not be altered without a violation of correct principles. Thus, if the cross-sectional area of A were 1 square inch, then by making that of B 2.335.31.44 square inch, the weight borne by B would be the same as that borne by A, namely, 44 x 5.31

[ocr errors]

= 2.33 tons, and we thus obtain W = 4·66 tons, the strain

per square inch on the wrought-iron bar being still

5.31 tons.

(633.) It will be evident from this that with any ordinary combination of cast and wrought iron the full value of the working strength of the latter, namely, 8 tons, cannot be realised; for this and other reasons such combinations are not expedient, at least in cases where considerable strains have to be borne. With 8 tons per square inch on the wrought iron the extension by col. 4 of Table 96 would be 000638774, and with that extension the strain on the cast iron by col. 4 of Table 88 would be nearly 3 tons, or about half the breaking weight, which would not be safe.

(634.) "Comparative Compression of Cast and Wrought Iron."The relative ultimate cohesive strength of cast and wrought iron being 7.142 and 25.7 tons per square inch, we found in (629) that the strength of a combination of the two metals in resisting a tensile strain was governed potentially by that of the weak cast iron. But in resisting compressive strains this order is reversed, the ultimate strength of cast iron being 43 tons per square inch, while that of wrought iron does not practically exceed 13 or 14 tons (627) for even a temporary load, the metal yielding so much that it becomes valueless: for permanent loads the strain should not exceed 8 or 9 tons, as we have seen (624), while that for cast iron may be as much as 14 tons (618). Table 101 gives the compressions of cast and wrought iron under the same crushing strains.

(635.) In Fig. 124 let C be a cast-iron and D a wroughtiron pillar one square inch in area, so close to one another, &c., that they must of necessity be shortened equally by the weight W, and let the strain on C be 5 tons per square inch, with which by col. 4 of Table 89, the compression of the cast iron will be 000899: with that compression the resistance of wrought iron by col. 2 of Table 98 would be between 9 and 10 tons per square inch; by interpolation we find the exact strain to be 9.226 tons per square inch, the weight W will therefore be 5 + 9·226 = 14.226 tons. Calculating in this way we obtain Table 102. Beyond 14 tons in col. 3, the

« AnteriorContinuar »