requirements. The woodwork and fittings in the the door is opened air enters the cylinder, and when the spring closes the door the air is gradually exhausted, so that the closing is effected without violent slamming. Stand 387 exhibits an improved folding lattice shutter, having for its object the better guarding of windows and doors of private houses, offices, warehouses, or shops, where space, security, and ventilation is a great object. Dr. A. W. Blyth, the Medical Officer of Health for Marylebone, and Dr. Richard Greene, Medical Superintendent of the Northampton County Asylum, exhibit a model and accompanying plans of a house to be let out in tenements. The model consists of one room, used first as a living and then as a sleepingroom. During the day the apartment presents the appearance of an ordinary room of its class, but when bed-time comes there is an ingenious contrivance by which two partitions, half the height of the room itself, are let out of the walls, where also are stored the bedclothes of the family. These partitions divide the room into three small compartments, the centre one occupied by the father and mother, the girls sleeping on one side and the boys on the other. The model is well worth the attention of those interested in the housing of the very poor. The plan, whilst it does away with the objectionable practice, too common in the metropolis of whole families sleeping in an indiscriminately mixed condition in one room, does not deprive the inmates of a single inch of cubic air during the night. At Stand No. 389 Mr. J. M. Lucas exhibits a model of a private residence, constructed upon sanitary principles at Kew. At Stand No. 391 Lieutenant Turnbull, of Torquay, exhibits a model of the skeleton of a London house, showing how the drains should be ventilated and carried under the house from the back to the street sewer on the "open system"; also a model of a length and section of a drain laid according to that system. Mr. Allen, of Cheyne-walk, Chelsea, at Stand 393, exhibits a model of a labourer's cottage, intended to illustrate a special improvement in that class of dwellings—namely, by substituting for the ordinary combustible partitions between the rooms the use of non-combustible partitions constructed of wood quartering, coated with silicate paint, and filled in with slate panels. Mr. C. B. Allen at the next stand exhibits a plan and model of a miner's cottage. The noteworthy improvement here is that of keeping the fireplaces or sources of heat in the centre of the building, and away from the outer wall, thus avoiding all loss of heat. The model also exemplifies the possibility of adapting architectural forms to such At Stand No. 411 Mr. T. L. Templeman, of Stationstructures. Mr. J. D. Tucker, of Bromley, Kent, road, Taunton, the plumber to the Taunton Town exhibits at Stand 397 improved weather-tight sashes Council, exhibits a model of artizans' and labourers' and frames which effectually exclude all draughts, dust, dwellings. The principal feature of this invention, wet, etc., do not rattle or shake, work freely, simple in which the model represents, is its simple sanitary construction, perfect in effect, and are practically air- arrangements-viz., à distinct system of ventilation, tight. At Stand 399 Salviali, Dr. Burke and Co., of water supply, drainage and disposal of sewage, suitable Regent-street, exhibit mosaic pictures; Venetian for places where no organised system of drainage and mirrors and Venetian blown glass; Venetian chan- water supply exists. It is simple, efficient, and very deliers; and a variety of table glass and ornaments. inexpensive, and the ventilation, drainage, and disposal Mr. Samuel Litchfield, of Bruton-street, Bond-street, of sewage may be adapted to any kind of dwelling. It exhibits wall tapestry, oak panels and carvings, oak is very durable and will last as long as the dwelling chimney-piece, cabinet and inlaid table, and a variety itself, and cannot get out of repair. The following is a of other articles, arranged to show a saloon and entre- brief description of the system of ventilation adopted. solle completely furnished. At Stand No. 401 Messrs. An air-brick is inserted in the wall six inches above the William A. and Sylvanus Smee, of 89, Finsbury-pave-floor level, on the outside of each room ventilated. A ment, exhibit the furniture and decoration of a boudoir DAYLIGHT FOR THE MILLION.-Adopt Chappuis patent, 69, and bedroom, special attention being paid to health Fleet-street.-[ADVT.] three-inch ware pipe is connected with this, and carried up three feet in a slanting position, and connected with a flap-valve inside the room. This valve is so constructed that the in-current of fresh air is directed towards the ceiling. It may be regulated by a simple arrangement, and if necessary closed and the in-current stopped. At the furthest point possible from this valve is a slide-valve inserted in the ceiling, and a four-inch pipe connected with it and taken up to the ventilating shaft on the roof. The slide-valve is shown on the wall in the model, but its proper position is in the ceiling. The whole of the ventilating pipes pass into this shaft, which is capped by an up-cast cowl (one shown; down draft impossible). In the event of contagious disease occurring in the house, the slide-valve in all the rooms, with the exception of that occupied by the patient, should be closed, and the whole force of the up-cast cowl would then be brought to bear on the room thus occupied, and would draw the contaminated air out at the roof, thus rendering it less liable for the other inmates to breath it in, and thereby contracting the disease. The other rooms during this illness could be ventilated by opening the windows if necessary. Should at any time a down draught occur, it can only pass back into the room from whence it came. The following suggestion is made by Mr. Templeman. A recess is made in the wall to receive chamber where there may be children or sickness. A four-inch pipe leads from this to the outside of the wall, and up as near the roof as possible, to take away the effluvia. This recess is covered by a curtain, which takes away the sight and prevents the effluvia coming back into the room. This arrangement thus remedies a used chamber being a nuisance to the bedroom until morning. This idea is shown on the model. The watersupply to bath and for flushing water-closets is only adapted to places where no water can be supplied under pressure from mains. Regarding the drainage and disposal of the sewage, a drain interceptor, slate, 7-feet by 3-inches, is fixed as near the w.c. and as far away from any windows as possible to intercept main sewer. The soil from w.c. and the surface-water and waste from bath are received into this and passed to main sewer. It will also be seen that by this system a current of fresh air is continually passing through the whole of the drainage, thus taking all sewer gas away at highest point of roof. Simple filtering-beds are provided in the place of the ordinary cesspool, which keep back all the polluted matter, and pass nearly clear water at the outfall. This is closed by doors, easily comatible when full, for cleaning purposes, etc. Its water while it is dirty from entering the tank. principle is, that it allows the first portion of the rainfall that washes the roof to run away down a wastepipe or into the foul-water tank, and at the end of a given time (from three to nine minutes, according to the adjustment of the apparatus,) directs the pure waterinto the storage tank. The separator is constructed of zinc, and is from 14-in. to 18-in. wide. It is easily fixed by an ordinary workman to the side of a house in any convenient place between the roof and the tank, part of the stack-pipe being removed and the separator inserted. The separator is divided into two compartments. The first into which the water falls has a small hole at the bottom (proportioned in size to the area of the roof), through which the water passes into the discharge-pipe, and runs normally to waste. When the rainfall exceeds the discharge through this hole the water rises in this compartment till it reaches a small hole, through which it flows into a second compartment. This compartment fills very slowly, because the water escapes therefrom almost as fast through a hole at the bottom. When the second compartment has filled to a certain level the separator is overbalanced, or canted, so that the discharge is directed into the storage tank. The second action then takes place. If the rain is very heavy, the first compartment is filled to the top, and the second fills rapidly, so that the separator acts sooner in a heavy downpour than in a moderate rain. The apparatus being strictly self-acting, and not liable to get out of order, it needs no other attention than an occasional washing. The first separator was sent out in 1879; it is fixed on a group of five cottages at Rogate in Sussex. Class xxi. is devoted to water supply and purifica- The purchaser left it to the care of one of his cottagers, tion, and embraces a variety of meters, filters, water- who washes it about three times a year, drawing the fittings, cisterns, etc. The first to notice in this class is centre part off the pivot for that purpose. It has Mr. C.G. Robert's Rain-Water Separator. At the recent needed no other attention, and is reported to be as good Newcastle and Glasgow Sanitary Exhibitions a medal now as it was at first. A few have been fitted up in and certificate were awarded to this ingenious invention London and other large towns, but the separator is for obtaining pure water from roofs. All former contri- most valued in districts where well-water is of bad vances have aimed at removing dirt from rain-water quality or only to be obtained by sinking to a great after it had been stored. The Rain-Water Separator, depth. In large houses it will often be found convenient manufactured and invented by Mr. Charles Gay Roberts, to provide one or more of the stack-pipes with a separator of Haslemere, Surrey, and exhibited by him at the for an upstairs tank, to supply water by gravitation to the Health Exhibition, does not do this, and it may be kitchen boiler, or for other purposes, while the rest of described as a self-acting contrivance for preventing the the stack-pipes are connected underground with the CHAPPUIS' REFLECTORS FOR THE NAVY.-Manufactory, 69, Fleet-methods of fixing are shown in the illustration above. Both of these large separator as described above. street. [ADVT.] TO THE Midland Medical Miscellany No. 4.] GROUP III. The Dwelling-Continued. O CALL attention to the classes reviewed in our present number may not be here out of place. Classes XXI. to XXIV. contain exhibits of special interest to officers of health and local sanitary authorities, and in the East Central Gallery and South Annexe are exhibited models designed for the interception of solid sewage and allowing a pure effluent only to pass into the rivers and streams; cheap moveable dustbins, which are designed to obviate the evils arising from our present method of constructing receptacles for the household refuse as close to the dwelling as possible; a twin water supply cistern, the contents BEVERAGE OF HEALTH. of which cannot be impregnated with the germs of disease. Here also MALT EXTRACT: may be seen inventions designed to obviate one of the greatest evils of our large cities and manufacturing towns-the smoke and soot nuisance, and which contributes in no small degree to the fogs from which the metropolis especially suffers from in the winter months. An invention is also exhibited whereby, under medical superintendence, any requisite atmospheric changes can be introduced into a private sick-room. Most of these inventions can be utilised at a very small outlay, and those interested in house sanitation 29, cannot fail to derive valuable information from an inspection of this very important section of the exhibition. The classes embrace a large number of exhibits, all of which are well worthy of mention, but our space precludes NEW DRUGS AND REMEDIES. a more detailed notice at the present time. The Spongy Iron Domestic Filter Company, of New Oxford-street, London, exhibit at their stand (No. 417) galvanised iron model cylinders, in operation, to represent the working model of the spongy iron process at work at the Antwerp Waterworks; a special ball-cock spongy iron domestic filter in operation; and specimens and sections of different spongy iron filters, including a section showing the arrangement of a special ball-cock filter. These filters are on the basis of Bischof's patent, the efficiency of which system is well known. Experiments made by the Prussian and other military authorities go to show that this filter is the only one which will prevent the spread of typhoid fever by means of impure water. With a recommendation of this character in its favour it should be largely patronised by all classes of the community. LUDGATE CIRCUS. THOMAS CHRISTY & CO., STEPHENS' WRITING INKS SOLD BY ALL STATIONERS. The Silicated Carbon Filter Company, of Battersea, exhibit at Stand 155, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. No. 418 their silicated carbon filters for domestic purposes, travelling, ship's cabin, hospitals, infirmaries, and army and navy ambulances; also their movable block filters, and double cylinder filters for soda-water manufacturers, etc. At Stand 419 the Boston (Lincolnshire) Filter Company exhibit a collection of improved rapid water filters as manufactured by them. At Stand No. 420 the Revolving Ball Filter Company exhibit the Great Revolving Ball Filter. It consists of a spherical metal case, containing a hollow metal ball filled with animal charcoal or other filtering medium, through which all water designed to be filtered must pass, such passage being absolutely secured by a washer which forms a tight joint around the ball, all organic or other matter in suspense being arrested and held within the filter. The speciality of this filter is the simple method of cleansing, which is instantaneously done by reversing the ball within the case without removal from the tap, the first passage of water As used in H.M. Navy. Samples In 3 oz. packets, 1d.; four, post free, 7d. One pound is equal to five pounds of raw potatoes. Government. EDWARDS' DESICCATED SOUP AUG. BREHMER’S PATENT FOLDING CARDBOARD BOXES, Specially suitable and highly recommended for packing up Proprietary Goods, Cereals, Foods, Patent Medicines, etc. Superseding Paper Wrappers in neatness of appearance and strength, and therefore affording great protection to bottles, etc. thereafter cleansing the filter of all impurities. There is also a straight passage for water not requiring filtration. Water, after being compelled under pressure to pass into the filter, is again forced to spread through the filtering material-viz., by coming in contact with the central bar and dividing into the four passages to its outlet. When new filling is required, removal of the old filling and putting in the new is simple and costless. The No. 1 filter can be attached to wash-bowls or stationary stands in offices, chambers, etc., and the No. 2 can be screwed on to any ordinary tap. One of the advantages of this filter is that the filtering substance can be easily removed by anyone as often as desired, thereby giving protection against water pollution and the festering filth accumulated and retained by many so-called filters, and cleansing is effected by filtered water, consequently there is no unfiltered water remaining in the filter for consumption. This filter obtained the silver medal at the Worcester County Exhibition in the United States, and has been highly recommended by all those firms who have employed it. At Stand No. 421 Mr. D. Judson exhibits his "Perfect Purity" water filter, which is constructed upon scientific principles. All efficient water filters depend for their efficiency on two distinct principles-the first physical, the second chemical. The physical properties of Judson's filtering medium and the mechanical principles involved in the construction of this simple filter itself are such that the passage of solid particles is perSteam Factory: 3 & 4, MOOR LANE, fectly arrested, while the passage of the pure water through the whole ESTIMATES AND SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION. FORE ST., LONDON, E.C. The "Wolseley" filter is free and rapid, and its chemical action entirely destroys the impurities of the water. A glance at the accompanying illustration shows the general earthenware reservoir, the shoulder of which holds the simple filtering apparatus, while the lower part serves as a store for the pure water as it runs from the filtering medium. On one side the bottom is somewhat depressed, so that all the water may be drawn off by the tap. The earthenware cone is supported on the shoulder of the reservoir, and the lower half of THE MOST PORTABLE IN THE WORLD. use these perforations are quite filled with a this cone is perforated. When the filter is in Bedstead. Tents and Camp Equipment special powdered filtering medium, maintained in the perforations by a closely fitting asbestos bag, securely fastened to the outside of the cone. The bag is made of this material because it cannot decay, being indestructible by acids and equally so by fire. The filtering medium is a specially prepared mixture of carbon with insoluble mineral materials, a mixture which arrests impurities far more thoroughly than any 9d. per pair. known form of carbon or charcoal. To set the filter for use it is only necessary to throw in some of the powdered filtering medium, stir it up with some water, and let it settle itself into the perforations. The purifying power of the filter may, if desired, be greatly increased by half-filling the cone with granular medium in addition always in "addition”—to the powdered medium. The filtering medium requires renewal about once in three months, but oftener if the water is very bad. Gymnastic Apparatus of all descriptions. PIGGOTT BROS., 59, Bishopsgate Street Without, London. Price Lists Post Free. Mr. P. A. Maignen, at Stand No. 422 exhibits the Filtre Rapide for domestic purposes. In construction it is very simple, and when cleansing is required the case is upset, when the granular carbo-calcis falls out, the filtering frame is taken out, the layer of powdered carbo-calcis washed off, and the filter is ready again to be re-charged. These filters are of various sizes and qualities, those for kitchen use being sold at a price within reach of the working classes. This gentleman has applied the principle of the Filtre Rapide to the production of a filter suitable for the army, and for expeditions generally. The former are made either for the pocket or to be carried knapsack fashion, or in a larger form to be transported on the backs of horses or mules. This filter has been used by the Stanley Exploring Expedition in Africa. A Filtre Rapide is shown as applied to the water supply of a house. The filter is fixed in the line of service-pipe, and a filtered supply of water is thereby ensured all over the house. It is constructed of tinned copper, and can be easily taken down for cleansing purposes without making it necessary to call in a plumber. The filters are BARON LIEBIG'S made either with or without a storage for filtered water, and afford a ready EXTRACT OF MEAT. mode of purifying the entire water supply of the dwelling-house. 44 BRAND: BARON LIEBIG. "No one estimates its value more highly than the Hospital Physician, for whose patients soup, as a means of restoring ex"hausted strength, cannot be replaced by "any other article of the Pharmacopoeia." Mr. George Wilson, of Elmer's End, Kent, at his stand (423) shows the international filter; Mr. Thomas Roberts, of Manchester, at the next stand exhibits his self-cleansing high-pressure water filter for domestic and manufacturing purposes; Mr. F. A. Bonnefin, of Leadenhall-street, London, at Stand No. 425 shows filters and apparatus and pipes for purifying water; Mr. J. R. Frost, of Little Britain, London, at Stand 426 shows a model of sanitary plumbers' work for a private residence, including hot-water supply. Messrs. Johnson and Co. (No. 430), of Stratford, exhibit machinery for the purification of water by patent carbon-paper filters, and filtering generally as applicable to the purification of rivers from pollution arising from sewage and other sources. The filtering medium employed consists of thick sheets of filtering paper, the peculiarity of which is, that, instead of being made of ordinary paper pulp alone, a quantity of pure animal charcoal, freed from phosphates by washing with acid, is added to the pulp before it is formed into sheets. From ten to twenty per cent. of the weight of this finished paper consists of purified animal charcoal. This special paper is used in a small filter press, worked by means of the pressure in the main service-pipe, either in the basement of the house where the water comes in, in case of constant service, or else in the service-pipe from the supply cistern. The water to be filtered comes in at one side of the apparatus, and after having passed through the carbon paper is delivered into the service-pipe under pressure. When it is desired to change the carbon papers for fresh ones the filter can be shut off on both sides from the service-pipe, a small disc run back, and the grooved plates and distance frames, of which the filtering chambers consist, can be opened out, and the spent carbon papers changed in the course of a minute or two; when screwed up the machine is again ready for work. The great advantages claimed for these filters are that they are perfectly automatic and thorough in their operation, that the filtering media are easily renewed, and that both papers and fittings can be supplied at a moderate price. Messrs. W. M. Jowett and Co., at Stand No. 431 exhibit a filter which they claim excels all others, called the New Cleansable Filter. This filter is filled with a movable inside lining of earthenware, so arranged that all parts are accessible, and filled with a movable compressed charcoal block, which can be easily taken out, cleansed, and replaced. Double filtration can also be applied to this filter. It is filled with a bed of granulated charcoal in addition to the charcoal block, thus giving double filtration-the water passing through the loose charcoal first, and afterwards through the block. This charcoal is not fastened down, but is placed in quite loosely, so that it can be taken out as often as may be found necessary for cleansing purposes. Messrs. Jowett's filters have been adopted by the Admiralty, and also by the Imperial Government of Germany. At Stand No. 432 Messrs. Bailey and Co., of the Pottery, Fulham, exhibit a patent charcoal-lute filter, in the construction of which no cement is used, and nothing, therefore, comes into contact with the water except the glazed stoneware. The filtering medium is contained in a case which rests on a lute, or branch of stone, attached to the filter-case. Mr. W. N. Wilkinson, of 17, St. John's-road, Longsight, Manchester, exhibits at Stand No. 433 automatic compression filters, syphon, suction, high and low pressure. These filters are selfregulating, and when once fixed want no further attention for compression. It is considered invaluable as a travelling companion, a table requisite, a household necessity, or as a means of giving an abundant supply of clean water to mansions, institutions, bleach works, and to users of steam power. Stand No. 434 is occupied by the Universal Filter Company, who exhibit Landon's patent house filter, which consists of a charcoal block in SOLD BY GROCERS AND CHEMISTS which a tube is fixed, the block being placed in a tub of water, and the air exhausted from the tube by suction. Mr. W. R. Oswald, of Gracechurchstreet, at the next stand exhibits filters for domestic purposes and bright metallic filters; also waterproofed, enamelled, and sanitary fittings. At Stand 437 Mr. Andrew Bell, of Tib-lane, Manchester, shows filters for "Its vivifying and restoring action on the appetite, on the digestive organs, the color, "and the general appearance of the sick, "is most striking." BARON JUSTUS VON LIEBIG. When the above opinion was written, the price of Extract of Meat was 32/- per lb., and it was used as medicine only. Since then Science has stepped in and materially reduced the cost of production, so that it has become an article of food. The sale of Extract of Meat is still in its infancy. The more its value for Dietetic and Culinary purposes is known, the larger will be its consumption. Remember, If you wish the very Best Quality, you must buy Jars bearing the Photograph (as above) of the Inventor. N.B.-IT TAKES 32-LBS. OF LEAN (RAW) MEAT TO MAKE I-LB. OF THIS EXTRACT, UNATTAINABLE IN ENGLAND. TRULY AMERICA IS A WONDERFUL COUNTRY! THROUGHOUT THE KINGDOM. LONDON OFFICES AND WAREHOUSE: 92, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C. |