BREAD-MAKING-ANCIENT AND MODERN. THE manufacture of bread from the flour of the cereals dates from the most ancient time. Ching-Noun, the successor of Fohi, is reputed to have been the first who taught men (the Chinese) the art of husbandry, and the method of making bread from wheat, and wine from rice, nearly 2,000 years before the Christian era. Baking of bread was known in the patriarchal ages, as we may read from Scripture; and the art of bread-making became a profession at Rome in the year 170 B.C. After the conquest of Macedon, 148 B.C., we are told that a number of Greek bakers came to Rome, where they were granted special privileges, and soon obtained a monopoly. In London the Bakers' Company was incorporated in 1307, and Bread-street, Cheapside, was once the site of a public market for bread-at that period bakers were not allowed to sell any in their own shops. About twenty-eight years ago Dr. Dauglish patented a mode of making aërated bread, in which carbonic acid gas is combined with water and mixed with the flour a method which is said to possess the advantages of cleanliness, rapidity, and uniformity. In the year 1862 a company was formed to encourage Stevens's breadmaking machinery, and since that time great strides have been made by engineers to perfect a system of machinery which should supersede hand labour. It is to the engineer we must look to solve the problem of unhealthy bakehouses, which exist in our large centres of population at the present time, owing to the supineness of sanitary authorities, who have ample powers to remedy this evil if only they were exercised. It is estimated that in the metropolis there are 6,000 bakers employed, producing daily, in round numbers, four million pounds' weight of bread, and it is in our opinion owing to the great subdivision of labour-the majority of master bakers not turning out ten sacks per week each-that we owe the present high price of bread. The art of bread-making is practically unknown among the masses. If inquiry were instituted it would be found that probably not one per cent. of the population in our large towns have ever tried their hands at breadmaking, and if they felt disposed to make their own bread, there are no facilities for baking in the domestic arrangements of the houses they inhabit; therefore the baker is a necessity which cannot be dispensed with. Bread-making by machinery is carried out to its full extent by Mr. Paul Pfleiderer, of 86, Upper Groundstreet, Blackfriars, London, E.C., in the bakery worked by Messrs. Hill. Here are exhibited his "Patent Universal Kneading and Mixing Machine," one, size 15, class B, making one to one and a half sacks of flour into dough at a time; one, size 12, of the same class, making from a quarter to half a sack of flour into dough at a time; and a dough dividing machine, for small goods. That the principle upon which Mr. Pfleiderer's machinery is constructed is a sound one has been proved without question: its mixing, as well as its kneading qualities, have been submitted to severe tests, and first-class breads of all kinds, with doughs of every description, have been manufactured by it, both in this country and abroad, and in no instance has either stirring machine or dough-brake been used in connection with it. The design of the Pfleiderer machine bears the closest investigation; all the wearing parts have a perfect system of lubrication, which no escape of dough or water can interfere with, while no lubricant can possibly enter into the interior of the trough, so that contamination of the dough by grease of any kind entering from the bearings is absolutely excluded. The working parts are of a peculiarly solid and simple shape, and very easy of control from the hand-wheel of the reversing gear. The quickness and completeness with which the machine empties the dough is a very important feature. When the dough is finished the machine can be raised up, and it then automatically throws its complete contents into the dough-truck in front, this operation occupying but the space of less than a minute. To anyone observing the operations we have described it would appear that the machinery was cumbersome, but the work it performs fully justifies its proportions. These secure a steady, quiet working, and thereby reduce friction to a minimum, so that its very solidity is a guarantee of its working with a minimum of driving power. Several moveable troughs and tables are provided as appurtenances to this machinery, which are also of Mr. Pfleiderer's manufacture. The sponge is made in the machine, and then turned into the troughs to work. When ready for making into dough the trough is run endways to the machine, and by means of a pulley and rope the whole trough is easily lifted up and the sponge turned into the machine, the troughs being about the same weight as those ordinarily used. A number of other machines of Mr. Pfleiderer's manufacture are also to be seen, one of which, the size 6BB, is shown at work, and illustrates how these machines may be driven direct from the engine, thus dispensing with all intermediate countershafts and pulleys, the reversing gear attached to all Pfleiderer's power machines serving by itself to stop, start, and reverse with the greatest ease. Pfleiderer's Patent Single, or W, Doughing Machine is also exhibited. This is in an improved Boland machine, of considerable merit, and is so simple that manipulation and emptying and cleansing are matters of the greatest ease. This machine is guaranteed to do better work than any of the competing machines, and is considered to be second only to the "Universal" when compared with its capacity. It is of the same substantial make and workmanship, and being but half the price of the Universal," should command a large sale among bakers. A Calda water-heater and a filter for filtering all the water used in the bakery completes the apparatus downstairs; while a lift for small goods facilitates communication with the flour-loft above where, on the hopper of each of the shoots for the two larger kneading machines, one of Pfleiderer's patent sifters is fixed, so that all flour is thoroughly cleansed and sifted before it comes down through the shoots into the machines. To obtain the important object of a working bakery Mr. Pfleiderer gave up the greater part of his original plan of showing the manufacture of macaroni by machinery on a large scale, also that of confectionery. ELECTRIC HOUSE BELLS.-FRANCIS AND CO., Eagle Telegraph CHAPPUIS' REFLECTORS FOR CELLARS.-Factory, 69, Fleet- Works, Hatton Garden, London. Medical Batteries as supplied to street.-[ADVT.] Hospitals. Discount to the Profession.—[ADVT.] HEALTH EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENT TO THE Midland Medical Miscellany No. 5.] GROUP III. The Dwelling-Concluded. N this our fifth Supplement we have carried our review of the exhibits in the International Health Exhibition up to the end of Class XXXII., and in our next issue special attention will be paid to the exhibits in the Ambulance Section, and to the Improved Appliances for the Sick-room and Invalids-forming in all a collection never before, perhaps, equalled, showing the great advance in this department that has been made in the past few years, and illustrating the advantages the practitioner of to-day has over his predecessors in the practice of the healing art. In future numbers of the Midland Medical Miscellany from time to time notices will appear dealing specially with those objects which the space at our MALT EXTRACT: command has prevented us from adequately describing. BEVERAGE OF HEALTH. LUDGATE CIRCUS. NEW DRUGS AND REMEDIES. ANDIRA INERMIS BARK. PAPAÏNE. ISINGLASS for the Cultivation of Bacilli, &c., &c. AGAR-AGAR SEA-WEED and A Large Stock of NEW DRUGS and REME Mr. Anthony Dorrett, of Southsea, at Stand No. 514 shows the Excelsior silent hydraulic water-closet flushing apparatus, with perfectly automatic action; it has a portable seat, thus the enclosure is easily disinfected, the cistern always empty while the apparatus is at rest, and fills 29, noiselessly during use; a two-gallon flush is certain, and constant flow impossible; it prevents waste, is free from springs, and cannot get out of order. The next two stands, Nos. 515 and 516, are occupied by Messrs. J. Fairbairn, of Edinburgh, and R. F. Dale, who respectively show syphonic water-closet, urinal, and cistern, and patent water-closets and flushing cisterns. Stand No. 517 is occupied by Mr. J. Robertshaw, of Manchester. The Improved Disinfecting Tripod shown at this stand is for use where infectious diseases have existed, for disinfecting rooms by the aid of sulphurous acid gas, without disturbing or removing the furniture, &c. The instrument consists of three wooden rods in the form of a tripod, the feet resting on the ground; to the other end is fixed joints, in which runs a slide to extend the instrument to any height within 11-feet, and to the top portion of the slide there is a holder for the pan with three arms. Το one of the arms is a catch with a spring, and on the bottom of the pan (which contains the sulphurous acid) is a rim or flange, and by placing the pan on the holder it is locked so that it cannot become displaced. The slide is fastened to any required height by a wheel-nut. When the instruTHOMAS CHRISTY & CO., ment is to be used it should be placed in the centre of the room or place 155, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. that requires disinfecting; then the sulphurous acid is put in the pan and lighted, the pan is placed on the holder, and the slide is extended as near the ceiling of the room as is possible with safety. The room should then be closed for a time. Sulphurous acid gas, it may be noted, descends to the ground instead of rising to the ceiling. The simplicity and freedom from danger of this invention are its chief claims to the public appreciation. Mr. Robertshaw shows some steam, water and gas valves manufactured by him; and a very simple, durable, cheap description of windowblind furniture is also shown at this stand. The Metropolitan Sanitary Disinfectant Company at No. 519 show a patent disinfectant and apparatus for applying the same to water-closets, and water-closets fitted with patent automatic disinfecting apparatus. Mr. Baker, of Holbornviaduct, shows at Stand 520 a patent water-closet disinfector as supplied to the ships of Her Majesty's Navy. The following advantages are claimed: F. KING & Co., 6, BISHOPSGATE AVENUE, E.C. DIES always on hand and arriving. Particulars as to Uses, Doses of all New Drugs, can be had upon application to STEPHENS' WRITING AND INKS SOLD BY ALL STATIONERS. As used in H.M. Navy. Samples in 3 oz. packets, 1d.; four, post free, 7d. One pound is equal to five pounds of raw potatoes. EDWARDS' DESICCATED SOUP Is eminently suited for Hospital use.-Vide Reports to H.M. AUG. BREHMER’S PATENT that it may be fixed to any closet in a few minutes, it has only one moving part, and it is not connected with any part of the drainage system. The FOLDING CARDBOARD BOXES, fector at less than half the price of the original apparatus. The disinfector improvements recently introduced enable the inventor to supply the disin Specially suitable and highly recommended for packing up Proprietary Goods, Cereals, Foods, Patent Medicines, etc. Superseding Paper Wrappers in neatness of appearance and is fixed in the bottom of the closet, and is connected with the handle-rod by a short arm. When the handle is depressed for the purpose of trapping the clean water in the pan a small quantity of the disinfecting fluid is injected into the water whilst it is in rapid motion, thoroughly mixes with it, and remains as a trap for the ascending gases, which are thoroughly deodorised and rendered inoffensive and innocuous. At Stand 521 Mr. T. Waller, of the Grove, Southwark, exhibits a patent ventilating watercloset, with inclined tops and ventilating tube complete, and a patent supply cistern for the same; also there can be seen in action at this stand a patent urinal with ventilator complete. Mr. G. Jennings, the sanitary engineer, of Stangate, Lambeth, exhibits a large variety of sanitary improvements in the various forms of lavatories for schools and public institutions, and improved sanitary appliances for schools. A variety of improvements in sanitary appliances may be seen here of interest to sanitarians. The Manchester Corporation exhibit at Stand 526 a variety strength, and therefore affording great protection to bottles, etc. of models of appliances for manufacturing concentrated manure, and ESTIMATES AND SAMPLES FREE ON APPLICATION. Steam Factory: 3 & 4, MOOR LANE, FORE ST., LONDON, E.C. The "Wolseley" model of a boiler for generating steam adapted for the consumption of house refuse; likewise models of machinery for manufacturing bricks from house refuse. The London Patent Automatic Disinfector Company, of Queen Victoria-street, at Stand No. 526 show automatic disinfectors attached to water-closets, for flushing the pipes and drains with a powerful disinfectant every time the water-closet is used, and perfumed and other disinfectants of the strongest power. The apparatus consists of a brass or copper ball containing the disinfectant, and fitted on the floor level at the side of the closet pan. From one side projects a bend connected with the handle-bar; from the other runs a small pipe terminating in the pan itself. With the raising of the handle the disinfecting fluid is forced into the pan, where, after flushing, a little of it is left, so as to destroy any escape of gas which the faulty construction of the closet might permit. The invention of this automatic apparatus fully supplies a want long felt in every household, however good may be the sanitary arrangements as regards closets and drains; it is applicable to any kind of closet or urinal, is fixed entirely out of sight without disturbing the pipes; it will contain sufficient disinfectant for 10,000 gallons of water, which under ordinary circumstances would be more than sufficient for twelve months, and it can be recharged in less than five minutes at the cost of half-acrown without disturbing the woodwork of the closet. Carbolic or any other soluble or liquid disinfectant which may be desired can be used. The apparatus has the merit of simplicity, cannot possibly get out of order, and will last for many years. It is in use at St. Thomas's Hospital, the 9d. per pair. Crystal Palace, and other large establishments. THE MOST PORTABLE IN THE WORLD. PIGGOTT BROS., 59, Bishopsgate Street Without, London. Price Lists Post Free. PURE WATER. Offer the Best and Cheapest means of obtaining At Stand No. 529 Dr. Richard Nicholls, of 283, Strand, exhibits his improvements in closets, night commodes, dust-bins, cesspools, and manure pits. Dr. Nicholls is the inventor and patentee of a system of deodorizing and purifying human excreta, and rendering it valuable as a fertiliser. The leading sanitary features of the process are that the fæces are deodorised and hermetically sealed in a vessel as soon as they are passed. Cheapness, portability, and efficiency, combined with the utmost simplicity, bring this cistern within the reach of all classes. At Stand 531 Messrs. Farmiloe, of Westminster, have an exhibition of valve closets, lavatory basins, patent syphon valveless water-waste preventers, and other sanitary appliances manufactured by them. The duplex valve closet is constructed with two pipes from the supply arm, one to charge the overflow arm each time the basin is charged with water, and another to syphon out the trap under the safe. This closet also has a connection from the supply pipe to the overflow arm, to ensure it being cleansed each time it is used. This firm also exhibit lift and force pumps, and a variety of plumbers' and engineers' work. Stand 534 is occupied by Messrs. Stidder and Co., of Southwark-bridgeroad, London. Here a complete collection of sanitary apparatus is Sole Makers: LE GRAND & SUTCLIFF, exhibited, the most noticeable being Burge's patent open-way sink-trap, which is one of Messrs. Stidder's specialities. The whole of its internal LONDON, parts are easily removable, so that a small trap is easily inspected and easily cleansed, while in the larger sizes the trap becomes a manhole in itself. In slaughter-houses, stables, and places where large accumulations of refuse occur, the advantages of this trap will be appreciated, as with a small cesspit beneath the trap the solid refuse matter can be periodically removed. It traps everything immediately it passes the grating, and thus effectually seals the cesspit beneath. Messrs. Stidder are also the manufacturers of wall and high-pressure filters, which have been adopted in many of the metropolitan schools. Both are intended to DOMEIER AND CO., be fed direct from the supply pipe, and are rapid in their action, and the 13, St. Mary-at-Hill, filtering media of both are much the same. The water from the main first passes through the particles of compressed charcoal, after which it is forced through a glass cylinder, and from thence into a black animal charcoal. Some strong, serviceable drinking fountains, designed for use in large schools, are also shown. A wash-up sink is here shown, which is worthy of notice. It has been designed not only to meet the requirements of an ordinary kitchen sink, but also to fulfil a variety of purposes for which a number of domestic appliances have hitherto been required: it forms a most convenient receptacle for washing household crockery, plate, linen, etc.; it also forms an excellent bath for the children; while, at the same time, it can be used as a lavatory. It is adapted not only for the cottage of the workman, but also for large establishments and mansions, where its employment as a sink for the scullery or the butler's pantry shows it to be invaluable, as the breakage of china, glass, and other fragile articles, by their contact with stoneware or iron sinks, is entirely avoided. The sink is so arranged that by lifting a plunger the water within the trough is discharged through a trap; and the top plate is ribbed in such a manner as to allow of the thorough drainage of soap, brushes, or whatever articles may be placed upon it in process of cleansing; and by fixing hot and cold water taps just above the sink a supply and discharge of water is obtained without the least trouble. At Stand 535 Moule's Patent Earth-Closet Company exhibit their dry closet system, which is founded on the now well-known power possessed by dry earth of deodorising and disinfecting fæcal matter-a given quantity of earth, if applied in detail to fresh excrement, destroying all smell and absorbing all noxious vapours. The practical application of this principle consists in the employment of a reservoir of earth, and of a simple and durable form of apparatus suitable for measuring and delivering a regulated charge of earth each time that the closet is used. The system is applicable to most existing closets, to all new closets, and to commodes. Its employment effectually remedies all the evils attendant on cesspool privies, LONDON, E.C. CHEMICALS, DRUGS, AND ESSENTIAL OILS. on water-closets, and on commodes. The earth system is economical as GLYCERINE, QUININE, OILS. COAL TAR regards both its prime cost and its subsequent working expenses; it PRODUCTS. AND PACKAGES ELECTRIC HOUSE BELLS.-FRANCIS AND CO., Eagle Telegraph Works, Hatton-garden, Wholesale Houses only supplied. London. Medical Batteries as supplied to Hospitals. Discount to the Profession.- [ADVT.] The gain derived from subjecting goods to this process is said to consist of HEALTH EXHIBITION. their increased durability; and so successful have the company been, that Water and Water Supplies, and Salt and other Condiments. By Legal Obligations in respect to Our Duty" in regard to Health LONDON: WILLIAM CLOWES, & SON furnaces capable of treating about fifteen tons of mixed castings per week have been erected near Bankside, Southwark, and are in daily operation. The process, which is effected at a moderate cost, does not in any way injure the quality of the metal. At Stand 543 Messrs. Boake, of Stratford, who are the manufacturers, show the disinfecting, deodorising, and antiseptic preparations invented by Professor Tuson, F.I.C., of the Chemical solution of one of the most powerful non-volatile disinfectants, impreg Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. The liquid is a nated with the best gaseous disinfectants. The powder when exposed to the air, but more rapidly when damped with water, or when applied to litter, manure, or other moist substances, evolves the same gaseous disinfectant as the liquid. Both preparations, it is claimed, fix ammonia, prevent putrefaction and the spread of infectious diseases, destroy bad smells, and leave no smell of their own. When diluted for use they do not stain or in any way injure undyed silk, woollen, linen or cotton goods. The Sanitary Appliance Company, of St. Ann's-square, Manchester, at Stand 548 show a model of Morrell's patent self-acting cinder-sifting ashcloset. The closet makes use of household ashes for sanitary purposes by separating the dust from the cinders, a quantity of ash-dust being delivered over the soil on each use of the closet; the sifted cinders fall at the rear; a perfectly inodorous closet is thus secured without any extra attention whatever. Messrs. D. and W. Gibbs, of the Abbey Chemical Works, Stratford, at Stand 550 show concentrated carbolated creosote disinfecting fluid; aphis wash fluid insectide; creosote and sulphur sheep dip; and a variety of soaps of various kinds of their manufacture. The Jeyes' Sanitary Compounds Company, of Cannon-street, exhibit a variety of disinfecting preparations, which are manufactured in every variety of form and for every household and toilet purpose. Mr. H. C. Symons, of George-street, Blackfriars-road, at Stand 555 shows a water-waste preventing and flushing cistern; the valve cannot remain open, and the beltbreak times the closing of the valve to regulate the water automatically. This apparatus is specially suitable for tenement dwellings and workshop urinals. There is also shown an automatic break applied direct to ordinary water-closets, to avoid the expense of removal and replacement of pipes or valves. At Stand 556 Mr. Alfred J. Shilton, F.C.S., of Paradisestreet, Birmingham, shows a new disinfectant fluid which does not stain and is free from smell, which he has named "Affinitan." The Standard Sanitary Company, of Park-place, Salford, at the next stand show their antiseptic cleansing and curative disinfecting fluid, which is considered invaluable for animals as a sheep dip, and cure for that great plague to flockmasters and graziers-the foot-and-mouth disease. Messrs. Mackey, Mackey and Co., of Bouverie-street, Fleet-street, London, at Stand 559 have a large exhibit of their chemical preparations; and exhibits of a like nature are shown in this class by Messrs. Condy and Mitchell (561), Dr. Billing (562), J. R. Meihe (564), H. Overbury, of Alcester (565), the Home and Colonial Disinfectant Company (567), and Messrs. McDougall fectants patented by them in powders, fluids and soaps; carbolic acid Brothers, of Mark-lane (568), who show carbolic and sulphurous disin(various), crystal and liquid, for medical, sanitary and manufacturing purposes; carbolic soaps, and a self-acting carbolic fumigator for households, to destroy infectious germs; likewise a sulphurous fumigator, to generate sulphurous fumes without fire or flame. The British Perforated Paper Company, of 12, Long-lane, West Smithfield, at Stand No. 569 exhibit a new invention, which commends itself alike to sanitarians, as well as to the heads of families, hotel proprietors, clubs, etc.: this is the new patent perforated toilet paper and revolving holder. The paper is perforated at regular intervals, so that one or more sheets can readily be detached without a single sheet being wasted. The contrivance is neat and elegant, and although only recently brought to the notice of the public the demand for it has become very large. The article has been introduced into a large number of hotels, ELECTRIC HOUSE BELLS.-FRANCIS AND Co., Eagle Telegraph Works, Hatton-garden, London. Medical Batteries as supplied to Hospitals. Discount to the Profession.—[ADVT.] |