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xugio Beou. Ar. pol. § κυρίου και θεον. Slavon. TOU. Syr. Erp. III. QUOTATIONS. Upl૦૦. Constit. Eus. Athan. (ms) Didym. Chrys. Theoph. 2. Ammon. Theodor. stud. Maxim. Anton. Syn. nic. 2. Ibas (lat.) Iren. Lucif Hieron (twice) Aug. Sedul. Alcim. Conc. carth. (lat.)

That Epiphanius is the first father who can be certainly pronounced to have quoted it. XOTO is found in no MSS. in only two versions, which generally agree; and in very few fathers; and it is manifestly a gloss, not on Seo but xugiov.

xugiou xaι beou is, it is true, the reading of two-thirds of the whole number of collated or exBEC Athan ed. (twice) Chrys. amined MSS. but, 1. None of thrice (but his comment supposes them are ancient; G having been xupio. See Mill) Anon. ap. written, at soonest, in the 9th. Chrys. Antioch. twice. Theoph. century: 2. None of them are 2. Ecum. Ibas (gr.) Coelest. of the first order, and only four Ambrose (both) Cassiod. Ful- or five exhibit every where good gent. Ferrand. Prim. Martin. readings. 3. It is found in only Bed. in loc. Ether. Auct. de 12 two versions; Ar. pol. a most corrupt text; and Slav. made in

mans.

Theoph. 1. the 9th century, from the ByXITO Orig. (ut vid.) twice. zantine edition. 4. TheophyAth. (ms) Auet. dial. adv. Ma- lact, is the only father who has cedon. Theodoret. Ignat. inter- quoted it, and the different texts pol. Basil. Fulgent. Synod. Men- do not agree in it. 5. It is evidoza. ap. Indos. 1599, The Sy- dently a combination of xugOU nod charges the Nestorians with and face from two different MSS. having, at the instigation of the Thus in two MSS. it is read devil, erased fɛou and inserted xupiou Beou, in one eau xai xupiou. XEITOU. Xugio, on the other hand, is the Concerning the respective va- reading of all the best and most lue of the different readings, ancient MSS. of different famiGriesbach observes, that the lies and editions; of the ancient MSS. which have so are all re- versions, whether made from the cent, and either wholly worthless Alexandrine or the Western edior miserably interpolated in many tion; and of many ancient faplaces. This he proves by ex- thers, both Greek and Latin. amining their readings in other The authorities which patronize places. That among the versions, ugou have always been followed the Vulgate only, in opposition by Griesbach, in the Acts, when to the older Latin MSS. and the they agree; the whole text of this Philoxenian Syriac, which has book, therefore, must stand or zugio in the margin, exhibit it. fall with that reading.

To the only plausible objection

the readers of Griesbach, by stating against ugo, namely, that it is

what is the fact.

§ So Griesbach here; but he afterwards quotes Ar. pol. as patronizing the reading xugiau xai Bov. And so Wetstein, Bengel. and Mill.

the easier reading, and therefore,

These two versions are pillars of orthodoxy. They alone have the reading EOE spavegwon 1. Tim, iii. 16.

by a canon of criticism, likely to the assembly broke up with verse be spurious, our author answers, 25, and that the speech of Paul that this rule is only to be ap- was delivered either after they plied where the harsher reading were gone, or after they had mais supported by competent exter- nifested, by preparing to depart, nal evidence; and that harsh as their resolution to reject the Gosana beou may sound to us, it pel. would not be so to transcribers, On reviewing our extracts, it who would rather catch at it as a appears that the variations from fine oxymoron. the text of the former edition xxv. 24. The long interpola- are not numerous; nor, with one tion in the margin of Phil. Syr, exception, important. This may is found also in the Bohemian be owing in some small degree, to version, with slight variations. the author's not having taken xxvii. 14. Euçonλuâшv] Euçu- Birch's MSS. into the account. xdwv is given as of equal autho- But it is much more to be attririty. buted to the care and judgment

Of the three readings, euçoxλu- with which the former text was δων, ευρυκλυδων, ευρακυλών, it settled, and to the soundness of may be observed, that suganhav those critical principles, which is the reading of AB, the only Griesbach then laid down, which two MSS. in uncial letters which he more fully explained in his exhibit the passage: for CDE are Symbolæ Criticæ, and other puball imperfect; F only contains, lications, and which he declares, and G has only been examined (Pref. p. viii.) that he sees every for, one passage: that it is sup- day fresh reason to adhere to. ported by the Vulgate [Oth?] That two editions, published at and Cassiodorus; that sugunλudwy the intervals of 20 and 30 years, is found only in one MS. 40, and when the science of which they an interlineation in B; and that treat has been more cultivated εupaнuxhav, suрanyλwv, εUтρaxy- during that period than in all the Xey, the several readings of Arm. time that went before, should be Sahid. Copt. appear much more radically so similar, is a fact to like corruptions of augaxuhwy, which few parallel will be found than of either of the other two in the history of literature. words. * proves that Griesbach had fully conceived and matured his system, before he gave it to the public, and marks him out as making an era in the history of the science, to which he has devoted himself. We hope to resume this article in our next number.

xxviii. 29. B is to be added to the copies which omit this verse. It was probably inserted by some one, who did not perceive that

* Bentley, (Phileleuth. Lips. p. 102.) explains gaxuxa (euro-aquilo) as answering to Kaixia, East-North-East.

It

ART. II.-Physical and Metaphysical Inquiries: 8vo. pp. 335. 7s. Longman & Co.

1806.

Nothing distinguishes the un- lightened understanding, more informed and illiterate man from than the reception which novel the man of enlarged mind and en- doctrines meet with, when offered

to the acceptance of both. The valent opinion that "matter is one views them with dread and a dead and inert substance." In alarm, or would think himself performing this task, the author injured were he obliged to afford avails himself of the principles them the slightest consideration; of chemical science, by which he while the other feels his curiosity explains his ideas, and establishes excited thereby, and determines the doctrine he wishes to inculto give them his whole attention, cate, with considerable skill and in hopes that some new truth ability.

may be the reward of his investigation.

We shall endeavour to lay before our readers the author's ideas in his own words.

powers.

These reflections were occasioned by the perusal of the work "The experimental philosopher in perceives a which we here announce to the contemplating matter, great variety of substances possessed of public-the author of which, the most distinct properties and characwhile he advances doctrines that ters, which, so far from being dead and will appear very strange to the inert, have the capacity of acting and generality of readers, evinces being acted upon, in various modes and by various He finds all matter, such a strength of mind, and such in its original state, composed of partalents for argumentation, as ticles so minute as to defy the powers must stamp a value upon any of of our senses to discover them. In this state, they may appear to us to be annihis productions. hilated; but so far is this from being The volume before us contains the case, that they are then found to be three Essays, viz. "First, Of the most active and powerful; their Matter. Second, Of Deity. energies being disengaged, they are more at liberty to act than when in a Third, Of Free Will." But we state of combination. It is this state of learn from the preface that it is combination that makes matter appear the Author's, intention" at some dead and inert; because its powers befuture period to take a more ing already exerted, the particles are, as general view of the system of the it were, held fast in each others arms, and are thus prevented from any further universe, and to investigate the action, until the dissolution of their natural and moral state of man, combination. Accordingly we find, and other subjects connected with that those kinds of matter which are these." least subjected to the power of cohesion

In the present volume, the or reduced to the solid state are always po sessed of the greatest energy. It is first 68 pages of the first Essay among these that we find the most are occupied in discussing the powerful agents in nature. It has been discovered, that though theory of Bishop Berkeley, with the design, as the Author ex. most kinds of matter are capable of a great variety of combinations, they have presses himself, of restoring in general certain predelictions (if they

matter to its legitimate rank in may be so termed), or capacities of unitthe scale of existence," but as ing with some kinds in preference to others. In consequence of these electhis ingenious hypothesis is now tions, and the active character of certain pretty generally exploded, we do powers, innumerable changes are connot think it necessary so examine tinually going on throughout the whole Besides this capacity the arguments here made use of system of nature. to confute it; especially as the of forming elections, it has been found that all matter is capable of a peculiar principal design of this essay kind of action called attraction, which seems to be, to combat the pre- the most minute particles, as well as

"

the greatest bodies, are exerting upon search of the iron, than the iron can go each other in every moment of dime and in search of the magnet through every part of space it is found that this is not confined to bodies collected in a mass, but that the planetary bodies are continually exerting it upon each other. This influence forms a balance to that motion originally communicated to them, and thus preserves them in their particular orbits."

"Al the changes which take place in nature are produ ed by the alteration of circumstances, and not by any direc tive capacity in the power, of matter. The powers of matter can no more produce the circumstances, than the circumstan.es can produce the powers; and when circumstances pre-ent theme selves, their powers cannot cease to act."

"In short, when the vast power and continual action of matter is considered, no cha acter can be less appropriate for The author then goes on to its designation than its being dead and support these doctrines by an ex

inert. I understand the word dead as

here applied to signify, not merely the amination of the chemical prowant of animal life, but a total incapa- perties of caloric and light. In city of action: now, there is not one par- the course of this examination he ticle of matter which is not every mo- is led to consider the source or ment exerting the power of action by

attraction, adhesion, or some other origin of caloric-and imagines, mode. I understand inertness to mean contrary to the commonly rethe want of power, or an incapacity of ceived opinion, that it is not motion; but no kind of matter wants transmitted to us from the sun; power; the most apparently sluggish is capable of exe ting a variety of powers; but is a subtle fluid, originally beand if the individual kinds do not pos- longing to our earth. sess the capacity of motion, they are "In its journey from the sun, its procollectively capable of it in all degrees, gress is supposed to be equal to 200,000 insomuch that it is impossible for one miles in a second. It is said to have a kind to be within the reach of another twofold motion through body: by the power without exerting motion; and first, it is supposed to be transmitted, it is by means of this necessary action and to pass through with the same velothat all the motion of the universe is city as through void space; secondly, to maintained." be conducted through it, and to pass with different degrees of slowness. Adequal power of being transmitted or mitting that caloric is possessed of an

Lest these remarks should lead to atheistical conclusions, he very properly observes

conducted through different bodies, it That there is no kind of matter might at least be expected that the velowhich can direct the circumstances of city of its passage through the same its own action, nor are any of these body would always be equal: but this kinds possessed of an original and in- is by no means the case. In its apherent power of action by itself. All proach to the earth it is supposed to material action is produced by a joint pass through the atmosphere with the effort betwixt the different particles, velocity of transmission, so that the and no one particle can act unless it is upper regions are not warmed by it; acted upon. This will be found to be but it is very certain that its retrograde universally the case. There is no com- marches through the atmosphere, in orbination that can change another, with- der to diffuse an equal temperature out being itself changed; and as every among bodies, are very slow. It is encombination has a tendency to preserve tirely contrary to the unalterable nature itself from change, it cannot be consi- of the material powers to act different in dered as the original cause of change. exactly similar circumstances. They In order to effect a change, two or have but one mode of acting, and this more of these powers must be, as it mode is invariable, as has been formerly were, carried to the field, and set in shewn. How then is this to be acbattle array against each other; but counted for." they can neither seek to provoke a qua rel nor march to find out the eneny. The magnet can no more go in

"The action of light always corresponds with the velocity ascribed to it: its effects are instantaneously felt over

trary to the capacity of caloric for preserving an equality of temperature."

the whole horizon: it passes from body to body, even the most densely tran parent, with as much velocity as "This view of the nature of caloric is through void space. Its retrograde more correspondent with the general marches, its refractions and reflections character of matter than those generally from one body to another, present no entertained. It explains the grand prinapparent difference in velocity from ciple by which it acts; and, instead of that by which it comes from the sun. making caloric an ex eption to all the Its motion is entirely dissimilar to that other kinds of matter, shews that its of caloric. Light proceeds in straight superior power is only owing to its more line, with a velocity perfectly conform- general attractions, and that it has no able to our idea of a power darting independent and inherent source of afrom planet to planet and from sun to tion different from the rest. Among sun. Caloric is as slow in its motion members of the same family, there is as the other is rapid: it passes equally by curved as by straight lines; and its whole character is altogether unlike that of a travelier into foreign lands. Its motion is not uniform; there is a difference in the time it requires to pass through different bodies. In short, it appears rather to be dragged by the different attractions of body, than to fly with any inherent velocity of its

own."

The experiments of Pictet, which have been supposed to prove the projection of caloric in straight lines with extreme velocity, are not overlooked by our sagacious Philosopher; but even in this case he adduces some very cogent reasons for supposing that light is the agent in transporting it; and indeed the circumstance of the temperature of the thermometer being raised by blackening its bulb, very much strengthens the supposition. Again,

something preposterous in the idea of one being paramount to all others, and having nothing in its nature common with them; but by adopting this view we are enabled to tace its genealogy, and unite it with its brethren. It explains the whole phenomena of heat. It still represents the sun as the great agent in the production of heat, without supposing it to be an enormous mass of fire, the existence of which would necessarily destroy itself and all nature with it. We have only to consider the sun as the great storehouse of light; a power indeed the most active in nature, but noways destructive, like that terrible body, fire. It shews that light produces heat merely by exciting, an insensible action betwixt caloric and the it accounts for the want of heat in the particles of matter, contained in bodies. upper regions of the atmosphere by the want of sufficient matter to produce the action of caloric; and for the cold the want of that action which the sun of the night and the polar regions, by produces. It destroys the absurd opinion concerning transmitted and conducted heat, so contrary to the invari able character of all the mate ial powers. It shews that caloric is not an exception to all the other kinds of matter, but that, like its fellows, it exists in other

characters besides heat. It enables us

"If caloric be communicated by the sun, it is impossible to account for the great degree of cold which prevails in the upper regions of the atmosphere. It is vain to talk of the power of trans- to solve the great difficulty concerning mission in order to account for it. No the distribution of heat among the dif body in nature permits another for ferent planetary bodies: according to which it has a strong attraction to pass have no more than those at the most this view, those nearest the son may through, until it is at the point of saturation; and if the strength of affinity be always in proportion to its distance from this point, it is absurd to suppose that the colder parts of the air should communicate caloric to the warmer without supplying itself. This is contrary to all the laws of affinity, and also con

remote distance. We have only to suppose the quantity of caloric to be proportioned to the distance; and if a small quantity exists in Mercury, no more heat may be excited than is done by a large quantity in Saturn.”

[To be concluded in our next.]

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