2. Institution for delinquent girls.

3. Injunction and abatement law.

4. Any woman convicted of a crime must be examined for venereal disease and cared for until a "reputable physician shall certify in writing that such woman is free from all transmissible venereal disease."

3. Others who have participated in the informal discussion were: Mrs. Ophelia L. Amigh, Birmingham; Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, Alexandria, Va.; Gertrude Gogin, New York, and Arthur W. Towne, Brooklyn. They made the points that any appeals that are made to the patriotism or to any other motive of these girls must be backed up by a definite program by personal improvement; and that the juvenile court should be given authority to grant all permits for child marriages. Girls who present problems in connection with southern training camps were described as ranging from nine to eighteen years of age. Many girls of twelve or thirteen are married to soldiers, some of whom have wives elsewhere. The governor of Virginia called a meeting of those concerned with problems of the girls around army camps.

THE FUTURE PROSPECT OF LEADING WAR TIME EFFORTS AND MOVEMENTS

This discussion was entirely informal. Mrs. Florence Kelley of New York presided. The range and character of organizations of great prominence during the war were reviewed, and the question raised as to the projection of these efforts into the period to follow the war.

1. Professor E. C. Hayes, University of Illinois, Urbana, said there will be two kinds of war work continued when the war is over. There will be an unusual activity of government, and unusual activity of private agencies. Some of the war activities of the government will demonstrate the possibilities of work as to the outcome of which we were formerly in doubt. Take for example the food situation. Will manufacturers be allowed to decide whether they will or will not keep their factories going, or shall we decide what should be done, and what is necessary to industry and social welfare? Some industries, as cattle raising, have decreased because they were not protected from fluctuations due to congestion in traffic while en route to market. Will there be an attempt to control such situations? Most of us have prejudices for or against the extension of government activity, and many who favor it have been accustomed to think the action demanded cannot be obtained. We are going to find that much that we thought impractical can be done successfully.

One of the things called to our attention is vice. The war has attracted our attention to the situation and we have found we can control it in war camps. We will have to make the entire nation a great war camp. The private agencies as well as the government have found what steps to take in regard to various lines of industrial activity, and in the war camps. This knowledge will be extended and continued in other groups after the war. By cooperation of state, federal and private agencies with regard to housing, labor employment agencies and other activities we have been able to demonstrate what can be done.

We shall need a strong leadership in working out new relationships between the permanent groups after the war. We never could have done the work now being done without the aid and backing of the government.

2. George B. Mangold, director of the Missouri School of Social Economy, said: The war has produced a great deal of mechanical cooperation. Today we have twenty-two million Red Cross people who have, to a considerable degree, acquired the habit of working together. Mechanical co-operation must develop into spiritual co-operation in order to make itself finally successful, and it is precisely this that I think will occur.

We are asked what is to become of the social workers after the war. In the first place, there are a large number of untrained individuals who have entered social work. They will be absorbed. The better ones will be retained and the others will find much to do in the new avenues of work that will have been created. The war has pointed out our weaknesses and our sore spots, and we need to keep our eyes on them afterwards. We will have to work for the mental, physical and social efficiency of our people as we have never done before. A tremendous increase in the amount of social work will be necessary to produce that efficiency which we must attain.

In the second place, when we see the government take over industries such as the railroads and others, we come to the realization that our social welfare is more important than the welfare of any individual or group of individuals. If the needs of society are predominant in time of war, is it not true that they are also most important in time of peace? We shall soon be convinced that the individualist is socially reactionary and undesirable. The result will be an industrial and economic readjustment of vast import. If such an outcome does not follow we will have missed one of the real opportunities brought forth by the war. And throughout this change the social worker will have ample opportunity for usefulness.

3. Shelby M. Harrison, department of surveys and exhibits, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, called attention to the fact that people nowadays on a vast scale are awakening to the realities of their group life. He said that out of the present crisis should be developed methods and machinery for continually recording social facts and getting information about social movements before the people.

4. Mrs. E. B. Palmer, executive secretary, Work for the Blind, Cleveland, spoke of the difficulty in securing work for the civilian blind and suggested that hereafter there should be adopted in connection with this group in our population the methods which are in use in belligerent countries affecting soldiers blinded in battle.

5. Ernestine L. Friedman, of the National Board, Y. W. C. A., New York, described the efforts of her organization to meet the needs in training camp communities for wholesome recreation. She suggested that the same measures be followed in treating the recreation problem in industrial centers.

6. Charles H. Patterson, general secretary of the Charity Organization Society of New Orleans, spoke of the stimulation of social service which has resulted from the war and raised the question as to the continuation of this spirit after the war. He mentioned the abolition of New Orleans' noted red light district as an example of reform with regard to which social workers would need to be alert and watchful in the days to follow.

7. Arthur H. Burnett, director of the Cincinnati Public Health Council, advocated the extension to civilians suffering from industrial injuries of similar provisions to those that are being made for soldiers that are physically incapacitated.

8. It was voted that it was the sense of the meeting that request should be made of the proper authorities to have the care of civilian cripples included in the provision made for the care of war cripples.

9. Mrs. Nelle G. Burger, president of the Missouri Women's Christian Temperance Union, Clark, protested against the breweries destroying enough grain to produce 4,000,000 loaves of bread daily. She said that it required one pound of coal to produce one pint of beer; that last year 1,300 breweries used 3,000,000 tons of coal, while schools and churches were closed for lack of fuel, and while children of our own and allied countries were crying for bread.

10 A resolution was presented and referred by the chairman to the Committee on Resolutions of the Conference, demanding that the liquor traffic be stopped and urging upon President Wilson the use of the power which he has in respect to establishing war-time prohibition.

11. /. Rubenstein, superintendent, Federated Jewish Charities, Milwaukee, called attention to the need of enlisting and training men and women for service at home in connection with local agencies, and to the beginning in this direction that has been made in Milwaukee and Chicago. "What would it profit the nation," he asked, "if we win the war and sacrifice the spiritual and moral welfare of women and children at home?"

12. Armand Wyle, superintendent, Jewish Orphans' Home, Rochester, New York, called attention to the prospect of our having after the war a surplus of unskilled men in industry—an aggravation of the situation which gave us trouble before the war. He advocated the devotion of public employment agencies exclusively to finding jobs for unskilled labor.

13. Dr. Anna L. Brown, New York, also participated in the discussion.

THE ROLE OF THE VOLUNTEER IN SOCIAL WORK Introductory Statement by the Chairman, Amelia Sears, Secretary, Woman's City Club, Chicago

In our discussions of volunteers we are apt to lose sight of the fact that the entire fabric of social work as conducted by privately supported organizations is dependent upon volunteer service. Volunteer boards of directors, volunteer officers, volunteer finance committees and volunteer contributors, alone, make possible the work.

In large offices where a considerable number of people are employed a very fine balance must be kept between the training of the volunteer and the instruction to be given the younger members of the staff. It is unwise in an effort to do justice to the volunteer and to save him from "uninteresting tasks," to do injustice to the paid staff member, and to place upon him burdens of routine work. To my mind every type of work in a social agency is instructive and interesting, if approached as a part of the whole and with full understanding of its purpose.

With the trained social service of the country drawn upon to its capacity, it becomes evident burdens and responsibilities must be placed upon volunteers and their strength tested through capable service as others drop out.

Formerly a volunteer was to be sought out, induced to serve and inducted with great care. Today volunteers are plentiful. No ulterior considerations exist. It is the job and the volunteer's qualifications which alone are weighed.

WAR-TIME VOLUNTEERS IN CHICAGO

Leila Houghteling, Member of the Committee on Volunteer Service,

Chicago

When the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense was formed over a year ago, one of the departments created under it was the Home Charities Department. It was "established for the maintenance of existing social service agencies throughout the city and state in order that their strength and resources may be conserved and their level of usefulness to the community may be maintained during the war."

It soon became evident that one of the most important ways of helping the agencies was in the line of volunteer service, and for this purpose the department, now known as the Social Service Department, started a Bureau for Enrolling and Placing Volunteers and organized, among other committees, one on Volunteer Service. This Committee last fall was combined with a similar one under the Central Council of Social Agencies and has been working since that time as a joint committee representing both organizations. While the work of enrolling and placing volunteers has gone steadily forward, this committee has been making plans for recruiting volunteers, standardizing the use of volunteers, and helping to obtain training for them.

The first important piece of work done was in the matter of standardization. Two members of the committee called upon the superintendents of sixteen different agencies, representing practically every kind of social service in the city. The whole question of volunteer service was discussed with the superintendents and the points specially emphasized were:

(a) What training was required before volunteers were accepted and what given by the agency.

(b) What amount of service per week was required and what was the minimum duration of service asked.

(c) What methods were used estimating the value of the service given, and

(d) What were the chief difficulties encountered in the use of volunteers.

A report, based on the material gained from these discussions, was drawn up, the most important parts of which follow:

Principles Indicated from Special Study

opportunity to win permanent service and friendship for the agency from the volunteers.

2. Agencies should be frank in their dealings with volunteers. Relations between volunteers and agencies can be valuable and enduring only if they are based on a mutual understanding as to the real value of the service offered to the agency by the volunteers and the limitations and opportunities of that service. The seriousness and difficulty of the work should not be minimized to the volunteer.

3. Now, when the war is inspiring the spirit of service and strengthening the sincerity of that spirit, is the time to increase the value of volunteer service, both to the agencies and to the volunteers.

In addition to these suggestions made by the executive of the agencies, the Committee on Volunteers of the Central Council of Social Agencies and of the Department of Social Service of the Council of National Defense submits the following suggestions for your consideration:

1. That each agency prepare a definite plan for the use of volunteer service for the guidance of it^ staff; this statement to include a summary of the purposes in using volunteers, the principles to be adhered to in using them and the requirements to be made of them.

2. That each agency prepare a definite program of training and supervision for volunteers; this statement to be for the use of the organization's staff and more especially for the persons directing and training volunteers, and that copies of these statements be sent to the department for guidance in placing volunteers.

3. That if it seems desirable to the agencies, this committee consider further the following subjects:

(a) The advisability of requiring volunteers who have not adequate experience and who are to do case work, to take such a course as that given at the School of Civics.

(b) The standardization of the training provided in the agencies.

(c) Methods for estimating the quality of work done by volunteers.

The committee submits the following plan for the enrollment and placing of volunteers by the Council of National Defense:

Before placing a volunteer the department shall examine into the qualifica- 'tions of that volunteer in order to place those who are qualified for social work in the kind of work for which they are best fitted and to discourage those who are manifestly unable to give the kind of services the agencies need.

Volunteer service falls generally into four classes: (1) clerical work, (2) specialized work such as settlement classes, (3) occupational work, (4) case work.

(a) In regard to clerical work, the department will furnish it through the registration department of the Council of Defense, but will not assume any responsibility for volunteers referred for such service.

(b) In regard to specialized service, the department will urge volunteers placed by it to take the course in settlement work offered by the School of Civics or equivalent training, but will not at present make such a requirement. Until recently there has been no opportunity for such training and though there is no difference of opinion as to the advantage of such training, there is a difference of opinion as to the necessity for it. Later it may prove advisable to require such training. Volunteers placed by the department for this type of service will be required to make a definite pledge of service, the amount of service a week and the duration of service to depend upon the work undertaken.

(c) In regard to occupational work, the department will require volunteers who have not had adequate experience to take the course of training offered by the School of Civics or equivalent training, and to make a definite pledge of service, the amount of service a week and the duration of service to depend upon the work undertaken.

(d) In regard to case work, the department will require volunteers placed by it, if they have not already had adequate case work experience, to take the course of training offered by the School of Civics or equivalent training.

The committee feel that if an agency decided that a volunteer sent for another kind of service proves valuable for case work, the agency can make that decision and use the volunteer where his or her services will be most aluable, but the department cannot assume the responsibility of placing a volunteer for case work who has not had a minimum of training or experience as stated above.

The department will also require volunteers placed by it for case work to pledge two half days a week for three months.

Other Efforts of Volunteers' Bureau

The bureau has been working along the lines suggested in the report. To do this a case record is kept of each volunteer and she is placed as far as possible according to her training and special qualifications. After two or three months a visit is made to the agency for