Adjectives are often used substantively: as, Have compassion on the poor: be feet to the lame and eyes to the blind.

Substantives are often used as adjectives.In this case the word so used is sometimes unconnected with the substantives to which it relates; sometimes connected with it by a hyphen; and sometimes joined to it so as to make the two words coalesce. The total separation is proper when either of the two words is long, or when they can. not be fluently pronounced as one word: as, An adjective pronoun, a silver watch, a stone cistern: the hyphen is used when both the words are short, and are readily pronounced as a single word as, Coal-mine, corn-mill, fruit-tree: the words coa lesce, when they are readily pronounced together, have a long established association, and are in frequent use: as, Honeycomb, gingerbread, inkhorn, yorkshire.

When an adjective has a preposition before it. the substantive being understood,it takes the nature of an adverb, and is considered as an adverb: as, In general, in particular, in haste, &c. that is, Generally, particularly, hastily.

RULE XXIII.

Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, partici ples, and other adverbs: as,

The current flows rapidly: The terms of rec onciliation were very advantageous: What is more disagreeable than to hear a man perpetually com plaining of the dealings of Providence? They performed the service extremely well.

Adverbs sometimes qualify a preposition, sometimes an article, and sometimes a phrase or whole

sentence. A preposition; as, To see the virtue of a hero tried almost beyond the stretch of human power: He arrived just before noon: He was Scourged nearly to death. Almost, just, and nearly, are adverbs, and qualify the prepositions which immediately succeed them.

In the following examples, the adverb is made to qualify an article; as, I lost almost a dollar; he rode nearly a mile. If, in the above examples, the adverbs almost and nearly, should be made to quality the words lost and rode, it will be perceived that the idea of actual loss will not be expressed in the first example, nor of riding in the second. In both cases, the adverb evidently qualifies the article; and the article thus qualified, "limits the signification" of the noun.

The following are examples of an adverb's qualifying a whole sentence without reference to any particular word: Now Herod the tetrarch heard all that was done by him and he was perplexed, &c. Well, if we must go, let us endeavor to be prepared. And what was the effect of such a mode of discipline? Why it made the subject of it still worse. There was a man sent from God whose name was John. The adverbs now, well, why, and there, as used in the above examples, have no reference to any particular word, and add nothing to the sense, yet they qualify the sentences in which they stand, by introducing them with greater ease.

In imitation of the French idiom, the adverb of place where is often used instead of the relative pronoun and a preposition; as, They framed a protestation, where they repeated all their former claims; i. e. in which they repeated. The king was still determined to run forward in the same course where he was already, by his precipitate

N

career, too fatally advanced; i. e. in which he

was.

The adverbs hence, thence, aud whence, imply a preposition; for they signify from this place, from that place, from what place. It seems, therefore, strictly speaking, to be improper to join a preposition with them, because it is superfluous; as, This is the leviathan, from whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons: An ancient author prophecies from hence. But the origin of these words is little attended to, and the preposition from is so often used in construction with them, that the omission of it, in many cases, would seem stiff, and be disagreeable. When thus inserted, the preposition may be considered as a part of the adverb: the adverb being divided into two words.

The adverbs here, there, where, are often improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead of the adverbs hither, thither, whither; as, He came here hastily They rode there with speed. They should be, He came hither: They rode thither, &c. RULE XXIV.

Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronons; as,

Candor is to be approved and practised: If thou sincerely desire and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward: The master taught her and me to write: He and she were schoolfellows.

This rule refers only to nouns and pronouns which have the same bearing or relation with regard to other parts of the sentence. Conjunctions not unfrequently connect different moods and ten

ses of verbs. In such instances, however, the nominative must generally, if not always, be repeated. We may say, He lives temperately, and he should live temperately: He may return, but he will not continue: She was prond though she is now humble; but it is obvious, that in such cases, the nominative ought to be repeated; and that by this means, the latter members of these sentences are rendered not so strictly dependent on the preceding, as those are which come under the rule. When, in the progress of a sentence, we' pass from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the subject, or nominative, is always resumed: as, He is rich, but he is not respectable: He is not rich, but he is respectable. There appears to be, in general, equal reason for repeating the nominative and resuming the subject, when the course of the sentence is diverted by a change of the mood or tense. The following sentences may therefore be improved: Anger glances into the breast of a wise man, but will rest only in the bosom of fools; but rests only; or, but it will rest only. Virtue is praised by many, and would be desired also, "if her worth were really known; and she would. The world begins to recede, and will soon disappear; and it will.

Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood after them. When something contingent or doubtful is implied, the verb is in the subjunctive mood; as, If he approves of this arrangement, let him not hesitate to adopt it; He will not be pardoned, unless he repent. If I were to write, he would not regard it.

Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature require the indicative mood; as, He is

healthy because he is temperate; though he is poor, he is contented and happy.

XXV.

Two or more nouns connected by a copulative conjunction require the words with which they agree to be plural; if connected by a disjunctive conjunction, the verb, noun, or pronoun, with which they agree, must be singular;

as,

Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece. The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending Power.

This rule is often violated; some instances of which are annexed: And so was also James and John the sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon; and so were also. By whose power all good and evil is distributed; are distributed. Their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now perished; are perished.

When the nouns are nearly related, or scarcely distinguishable in sense, and sometimes even when they are very different, come authors have thought it allowable to put the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, in the singular number; as, Tranquillity and peace dwells there Ignorance and negligence has produced the effect: The discomfiture and slaughter was very great. This, however, is not strictly comformable to the principles of grammar.

The Conjunction disjunctive has an effect contrary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as, Ignorance or negligence has