cholera morbus. Another authority attributes his death to a severe cold. The former seems the more likely. He was sixty-six years old.

Millard Filmore.-He died from a stroke of paralysis on March 8, 1874, in his seventyfourth year.

Franklin Pierce.-His death was due to abdominal dropsy, and occurred on October 8, 1869, in the sixty-fifth year of his life.

James Buchanan.-His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was caused by rheumatic gout. He was seventy-seven years of age.

Abraham Lincoln.-He was shot by J. Wilkes Booth, at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died the following day, aged fifty-six.

Andrew Johnson.-He died from a stroke of paralysis, on July 31, 1875, in his sixtyseventh year.

U. S. Grant.-He suffered from cancer of the throat and root of the tongue. His death occurred on July 23, 1885, in the sixty-third year of his age.

James A. Garfield.-He was the second President who fell by the hand of an assassin. He was shot in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, Washington, D. C., on the morning of July 2, 1881, and died at Elberon, N. J., on September 19, of the same year. He was almost fifty years of age.

Chester A. Arthur.-He died from a stroke of apoplexy on November 18, 1886, in his fifty-sixth year of age.

The surviving ex-Presidents are Rutherford B. Hayes and Grover Cleveland. THOMAS LOUIS OGIER.

WEST CHESTER, PA.

ANIMAL CRIES IN MEDIEVAL LATIN.

The following list quoted by Du Cange, s. v. Baulare (which, he explains, is the same as "latrare et est proprie canum ") is probably unique of its kind:

"Sindonius in libro de Naturis rerum ponit propria verba animalium secundum vocem, quae in parte ponemus. Leonum est Rugire; Tigridum Rechanare; Pardorum Felire; Pantherarum Caurire; Ursorum Uncare, vel Sevire; Aprorum Frendere; Lyncum Urcare; Luporum Ululare; Serpentum Sibilare; Onagrorum Mugilare;

cervorum Rugire; Boum Mugire; Equorum Hinnire; Asinorum Rudere; Porcorum Grunnire; Verris Quirritare; Arietum Lorettare; Ovium Balare; Hircorum Miccire; Edorum Vehare; Canum Latrare; Seu Baulare; Vulpium Gannire; Catulorum Glattire; Leporum et Parvorum Vagire; Mustellarum Drivorare; Murium Pipitare; Soricum Desticare; Elephantum Barrire; Ranarum Coaxare; Corvorum Crocitare; Aquilarum Glangere; Accipitrum Pipitare; Vulturum Pulpare; Milvorum Bulpare; Olorum Drensare; Gruum Gruere; Ciconiarum Gloitolare; Anserum Sclingere; Anatum Recrissare; Pavonum Paupulare; Gabriarum Fringulare; Noctuarum Caccubire; Cucularum Cucusare; Mulorum Zurgiare; Turdorum Trucilare vel Soccitare; Sturnorum Passitare; Hirundinum Fintinire vel Minurrire; dicunt tamen quod Minurrire est omnium minutissimarum avicularum ; Gallinæ Crispire; Passerum Cinciare; Apum Bobire, vel Bombilare; Cicadarum Frintinnire. Similia habet Gloss. MS. S. Germani Paris."

In another place Du Cange quotes the following from Ebrardus Betuniensis :

"Drensat olor, clingit anser, crocitat quoque corvus,
Ac pardus fellit, vultur pulpat, leo rugit,
Ac onager mugilat, bos mugit, rana coaxat.
Vociferans barrit elephas, grillusque minurrit,
Blatterat ac vespertilio, strictinnit hirundo,
Balat ovis, vehyat capra, sed gallina gracillat,
Frendit aper, vulpes quoque gannit, rudit asellus,
Hinnit equus, grunnit porcus, pipilat quoque nisus,
Sed catulus latrat, hinc murilegulusque catillat,
Est hominumque loqui, quod dicto praevalet omni."

QUERIES.

Blowing Under the Edge of the Scalp. —In a copy of The Independent of recent date, in an account by Edmund Collins of the Beothic Indians of Newfoundland, a little known tribe, a description is given of the massacre of white men who had been seized while asleep in their log camp.

Mr. Collins says: "Each man in turn was taken out of his berth, and as he was laid on the floor in the centre of a circle of Beothics, the chief hissed in his ear: Me hear ye curse poor Injuns.' Then his scalp was cut around the head with a hunting

Whose are they?

B. SCH. Idolatry in Switzerland.-In Alban Butler's "Lives of the Saints" (April 5) we are informed that in the early part of the fifteenth century, St. Vincent Ferrer was sent for to go to Lausanne, "to preach to many idolaters who adored the sun." I cannot understand how this could be, unless foreign idolaters may have been sold as slaves in that region. More than a hundred years later certain Vaudois were sold as slaves in France. This was in Francis I's times.

M. L.

Is This a Shakespeare Emendation ?Under the word "Calculate," the "Century Dictionary" quotes from quotes from "Julius Cæsar," Act i, Scene 3:

"Old men, fools, and children calculate."

This seems to make good sense by itself, but when we examine the whole passage, the common reading, which I find in all of the editions I have access to, is decidedly better. The passage is part of the dialogue in which Cassius draws Casca into the plot against the great dictator. Referring to the numerous portents or tokens of the strange impatience of the heavens," he says:

"But if you would consider the true cause

Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts,
Why birds and beasts from quality and kind,
Why old men fool and children calculate,
Why all these things change from their ordinary,
Their natures and preformed faculties

To monstrous quality-why, you shall find
That heaven hath infused them with these spirits,
To make them instruments of fear and warning
Unto some monstrous state."

His argument plainly declares that in the tremendous revolution of affairs in both heaven and earth, old men, once noted for wisdom, have become fools and triflers, while children, usually thoughtless, have been roused to calculate. The quotation in the "Century seems therefore an error rather than an emendation.

Monosyllabic Verse (Vol. vii, p. 280).Replying to the query of J. P. L., at the foregoing reference, the monosyllabic lines. referred to are given below in full. They are taken from Dr. C. C. Bombaugh's "Gleanings for the Curious," p. 102 (1890 edition), wherein they are ascribed to Dr. Alexander, in Princeton Magazine. poem is also found in Harper's "Cyclopædia of British and American Poetry, in which it is credited by the editor, Epes Sargent, to

The

Rev. Rev. Joseph Addison Alexander, D.D. (1809-1860):

"THE POWER OF SHORT WORDS.

"Think not that strength lies in the big round word,
Or that the brief and plain must needs be weak.
To whom can this be true who once has heard
The cry for help, the tongue that all men speak,
When want or woe or fear is in the throat,

So that each word gasped out is like a shriek Pressed from the sore heart, or a strange wild note, Sung by some fay or fiend? There is a strength Which dies if stretched too far or spun too fine, Which has more height than breadth, more depth than length.

Let but this force of thought and speech be mine, And he that will may take the sleek fat phrase Which glows and burns not, though it gleam and shine

Light, but no heat-a flash, but not a blaze!

"Nor is it mere strength that the short word boasts:
It serves of more than fight or storm to tell,
The roar of waves that clash on rock-bound coasts,
The crash of tall trees when the wild winds swell,
The roar of guns, the groans of men that die

On blood-stained fields. It has a voice as well
For them that far off on their sick beds lie;
For them that weep, for them that mourn the dead;
For them that laugh and dance, and clap the hand;
To joy's quick step, as well as grief's slow tread,
The sweet, plain words we learnt at first keep time,
And though the theme be sad, or gay, or grand,
With each, with all, these may be made to chime,
In thought, or speech, or song, in prose or rhyme."
CONVERSE CLEAVES.

GERMANTOWN, PA.

[We acknowledge with thanks receipt of replies to the same effect from E. G. Keen, Warwick, Pa., and L. H. S., Baltimore City.-ED. A. N. & Q.]

Suicide of a Saint (Vol. vii, p. 281).-St. Appolonia, virgin and martyr, being threatened with the flames at Alexandria (February 9, 249), if she did not utter certain evil words, asked for a moment's delay, and then leaped into the fire. Some have reckoned this a case of suicide.

W. H. S.

Authorship Wanted (Vol. vii, p. 268).The lines credited to Swift by Mr. Grey are credited to Robert Dodsley by Mr. W. Davenport Adams, in his "English Epigrams." The only difference is that in Mr. Adams' quotation, "Sylvia" is substituted for "Cælia." E. G. KEEN. WARWICK, PA.

Ténèbres (Vol. vii, p. 221).-The three hours of "darkness all over the earth" while our Saviour hung on the cross, are commemorated by a special service throughout the whole of the Catholic world. The one sung in the Sistine Chapel at Rome is particularly famous. Candle after candle is extinguished until the church is in total darkness, emblematic of the desolation of the world, deprived of its light and life. The music is described as most impressive and striking, and the accessories render it most decidedly an epoch in the experience of the devout who attend these services on Good Friday in Holy Week. E. P.

Speaking of the abuses which crept into the life of the nuns at the Longchamps Monastery near Paris, in the early years of last century, Larousse has the following:

"Les plaisirs mondains, les enivrements de la vie parisienne s'y révélèrent sous le masque d'une éducation recherchée et sous le prétexte de chants religieux et de musique d'église. Ce fut au commencement du régne de Louis XV que se régularisèrent ces pélerinages des trois jours de la semaine sainte, déjà fort courus depuis longtemps, et qui amenaient toute la cour et toute la finance à l'abbaye de Longchamps ***

"On s'y rendit comme à ces concerts spirituels qui obtenaient parmi le beau monde une vogue sans pareille. Les saintes filles, formées aux leçons des actrices de l'Opéra, et concurrement avec ces derniéres, chantèrent ténèbres pendant la semaine. sainte avec un succès tel, qu'on accourut chez elles comme au spectacle."

Sex of Hares (Vol. vii, pp. 187, etc.).The notion that hares are hermaphroditic is discussed, and its origin in part explained, in Sir Thomas Browne's treatise "On Vulgar Errors." QUIDAM.

Muriel (Vol. iii, pp. 117, etc.).—I find Meriel as a woman's name in Brome's comedy, "The Jovial Crew," 1641. Is this the same as Muriel? G.

GOMMUNICATIONS.

Illusions of Great Men (Vol. vi, p. 8; Vol. vii, p. 71).—In addition to what has already been said on this subject, I would like to mention Martin Luther's experience with the devil. During the years that he was engaged in his great literary tasks, he often fancied that Satan was with him in the room. Luther claimed that he could plainly see the evil one, and even mentions an occasion when he threw his inkstand at the intruder, causing him to leave for his sulphurous domain in hot haste.

KNOXVILLE, IA.

J. W. W.

City of Agamenticus.-The Most Ancient City and the Oldest Saint in New England." The city of Agamenticus, or as it was afterwards called, Old York, was founded and built in or about 1640, under the sanction and patent from King Charles to Ferdinando Gorges, and according to an Indian legend Mt. Agamenticus was formed by a hecatomb on which the natives piled their weapons, implements and skins of wild. beasts of every variety, in honor of a good Indian called Saint Aspinquid, who taught them all sorts of domestic arts, and how to cultivate corn, make baskets and pottery, bread and clothing, for which they buried him in this mound grave on the plain with honors. The same mound afterwards by nature grew into Mt. Agamenticus.

"There is another legend handed down from the redmen, that within the memory of their ancestors the Isles of Shoals were connected with the mainland at Boar's Head, and at a time long ago there was a great noise and the bottom of the land fell out,

the sea came in and covered the earth between the islands and the Head.

"It may be that at this time Mt. Agamenticus was formed.

"Could the Saint whom the natives honored have been Bjorn Asbrandson, of Icelandic fame, who is reported to have left Iceland on a voyage of discovery in or about 998, and was seen in Vinland in or about 1028, by Gudleif, who was driven on these shores by an east wind, and returned to Iceland the same year. He was not much of a saint in his native land, but may have repented, as Gudleif represents him in 1028 to be old and gray headed, and that the natives treated him with the greatest deference and honor (Andrew K. Ober, in Portland Transcript).

Superstition in High Places.-According to T. P. O'Connor, his quondam friend, the "Uncrowned King of Ireland," who died last week, was eminently superstitious, even in the most trivial matters. He would refuse to remain in a room if three candles were burning within it. In the same way he regarded green as peculiarly unlucky. When the freedom of the city of Dublin was conferred upon him he particularly requested that the lining of the casket in which the parchment was to be placed and handed to him should not be green, but purple. Purple was his favorite color, and this he considered preeminently auspicious. J. O'D.

Why Dummy Clocks Mark 8.18."There are few who have not seen the ordinary sign of a jeweler-an immense imitation of a watch hanging over the front of the store. But it is safe to say that the number who have ever detected anything curious in these same signs is very small. At 8.18 P.M., April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in Ford's Theatre at Washington by John Wilkes Booth. Since

that fatal night every one of these watch signs that has gone from the factory of the only man who makes them has shown the hour of 8.18. The man who makes them says: 'I was then working on a sign for jeweler Adams, who kept a store on Broadway across the street from Stewart's. He came running in while I was at work and told me the news. 'Point those hands at the hour Lincoln was shot, that the deed may never be forgotten,' he said, pointing to the sign I was making for him. I did so. Since then every watch sign that has gone out of here has been lettered the same as that one' (New York World).

Two Historic American Hand Presses." A hand press that really saw George Washington is at present in the office of the Lee County News, and is in a remarkable state of preservation. Curious hieroglyphics are carved upon its iron frame. Among them, "G. W., his x mark,” can be plainly seen. There is not a more curiously constructed hand press in the country, says the Jessup (Ga.) Sentinel. It was used as a battering ram during the Revolutionary War, put together afterwards and made to do service as a cotton gin, later on was a corn sheller, and still later it served its time as a cane-grinding machine.

The First Printing Press on this continent was owned by the city of Mexico, according to H. H. Bancroft's "History of the Pacific States:" "The printing press came out with Viceroy Mendoza, who arrived in October, 1535, and appears to have been in charge of Juan Pablos from Lombardy, acting for Juan Cromberger, the owner of a printing house at Seville. Cromberger died in 1540, and although permission was granted for the widow and children to continue his business, Pables must have bought their interest, for after 1544 he obtained royal permission to carry on printing exclusively for a term of years.'

Jos. E.

Devil in Place Names (Vol. vii, p. 236).—In the county of Wicklow, Ireland, the river Vartry flows through the Devil's Glen.