College Algebra: With Applications

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Allyn and Bacon, 1916 - 507 páginas
 

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Contenido

Linear Functions and Progressions
54
Arithmetic progressions
79
Geometric progressions
85
Periodic decimals
93
The maximum or minimum of a quadratic function
96
Graphic determination of the zeros of a quadratic function
99
Calculation of the real zeros of a quadratic function
100
Another method of deriving the formulæ for the roots of a quadratic equation
102
Complex roots of a quadratic equation
104
Various methods of solving a quadratic equation or of factor ing a quadratic function
106
Special forms of quadratic equations
109
Equations of higher degree solvable by means of quadratics
110
Rational and irrational roots of a quadratic equation
111
Quadratic surds
112
The square root of an expression of the form a + bã
115
Application of the monotonic laws of Algebra in numerical calculations involving quadratic surds
117
Interpretation of negative fractional and complex roots in concrete problems
118
Uniform motion along a straight line
120
Force
121
Motion of a projectile under the influence of gravity
126
CHAPTER IV
129
The functional notation
131
The factor theorem
132
The remainder theorem
134
Synthetic division
135
The slope of the tangent
136
The binomial theorem
141
The derivative of an integral rational function
146
Derivatives of higher order
147
Taylors expansion
148
Diminishing the roots of an equation
149
Arrangement of the calculation
151
Multiplication of the roots of an equation by m
153
Changing the sign of the roots
154
Continuity of integral rational functions
155
Newtons method of approximation
157
Geometric significance of Newtons method
158
An example of Newtons method
160
Horners method
164
Abbreviated calculation 103 Negative roots
165
Computation of more than one root 105 Upper limit for the positive roots of an equation
166
Descartess rule of signs
169
Maxima and minima of an integral rational function
172
Rolles theorem
175
Multiple roots
176
Rational roots of an equation with rational coefficients
177
Summary of the operations required in solving an equation with given numerical coefficients
181
Application of cubic equations to floating spheres 113 Application of cubic equations in trigonometry CHAPTER V
182
Construction of regular polygons
193
The equation a 0
195
The cubic equation
198
Discussion of the roots expressed in terms of its roots
202
The equation of the fourth order
204
The equations of higher order
207
Fractional Rational Functions
226
Resolution into partial fractions when the poles are
237
The fundamental theorem of Algebra
248
Case III Both equations contains x and y in symmetric
252
Algebraic Determination of their Zeros and their General Properties
254
Distinction between the algebraic and numerical solution of an equation
263
CHAPTER VIII
265
The equation
267
The principle of permanence
268
The case of an irrational exponent
270
The nth power of a complex number 117 The complex roots of unity 118 Numerical expressions for the complex roots of unity for n 2 3 4
271
The exponential function
274
Properties of a
275
Definition of logarithm
277
Properties of logarithms
279
Common logarithms
281
Characteristic and mantissa
282
Determination of the characteristic
283
Arrangement and use of the table of logarithms
285
Extraction of roots by means of logarithms
287
Exponential equations
301
The calculation of a table of logarithms
303
187
306
188
308
189
309
The compound interest law
311
191
312
Variation of density and pressure in the atmosphere
313
193
314
194
315
Semilogarithmic paper
316
Logarithmic paper
317
197
319
The ratios of the coefficients of the general cubic equation 202
325
204
329
Properties of determinants of the second order
331
207
337
208
338
Homogeneous equations
345
Application of the fundamental theorem to functions with 128 Use of the factored form of ƒ x in plotting 212
350
CHAPTER X
352
Form of the graph in the case of real and distinct factors 215
354
Form of the graph in the case of real factors some of which are repeated 217
357
CHAPTER XI
366
Definition of a determinant of the nth order
376
Minors
383
CHAPTER XIII
391
is linear and one of which is quadratic
407
Normalization
413
fashion so that the equation is left uualtered if x and y are interchanged
420
Case IV When at least one of the given equations is com posite
423
The method of small corrections
425
Applications which involve simultaneous quadratics
427
CHAPTER XIV
428
Definition of a sequence
429
Higher progressions
430
Geometric progressions
432
Series
433
General characteristics of the method of mathematical induction
434
The summation sign
437
Summation of a series whose kth term is an integral rational function of k
438
Summation of some other simple series
441
CHAPTER XV
443
Definition of a limit
444
Infinity
447
Infinitesimals
448
A theorem about infinitesimals
449
Theorems about limits
450
Limit of a quotient of two variables
451
Limit of the nth power of a positive number as n grows beyond bound
454
Continuity of a function
455
Continuity of a fractional rational function
458
Indeterminate forms
460
CHAPTER XVI
465
Convergence and divergence of infinite series
466
Fundamental criteria for convergence
468
Series all of whose terms are positive
471
Some convenient comparison series
472
Ratio test
474
Ratio of corresponding terms of two series
479
Series with positive and negative terms
482
Conditionally convergent series
484
Series whose terms are functions of x
485
Power series
486
Equality of two power series
488
Expansion of rational functions
489
Expansion of some irrational functions
492
The expansion of 1 + xn
493
Exponential series
495
Logarithmic series
496
APPENDIX Table 1 Four Place Logarithms of Numbers
498
American Experience Table of Mortality
500
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Página 283 - Nin such a form that its mantissa shall be positive. This can be done whether log N is positive or negative, that is, whether N be greater or less than unity. In the latter case, the negativeness of log N is brought about entirely by means of the negative characteristic. As a consequence of this agreement, the following statement will be true in all cases. II. If two numbers contain the same succession of digits, that is, if they differ only in the position of the decimal point, their logarithms...
Página 45 - The modulus of the product of two complex numbers is equal to the product of their moduli.
Página 284 - Nis any number greater than 1, the characteristic of its logarithm is one less than the number of digits in its integral part. The student is advised to make but little use of this rule on account of its mechanical character. Statement III provides a better method (less mechanical and easier to remember) for determining the characteristic. It remains to show how to find the characteristic of log N when N < 1.
Página 55 - Y is a function of X. The variable X is called the independent variable and the variable Y is called the dependent variable. EXAMPLE The distance s traveled by a car moving with a constant speed is a function of time t.
Página 69 - Third Law. The square of the period of a planet is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun.
Página 315 - ... is proportional to the difference between its temperature and that of the surrounding medium) holds true for all parts of the surface.
Página 89 - The latter asked that he be given the number of grains of wheat which would result from placing one on the first square of the chess board, two on the second, four on the third, eight on the fourth, and so on, multiplying by 2 up to the 64th.
Página 175 - Assuming that the strength of a beam with rectangular cross section varies directly as the breadth and as the square of the depth, what are the dimensions of the strongest beam that can be sawed out of a round log whose diameter is d ? Solution.
Página 351 - There is a number consisting of two digits, the second of which is greater than the first, and if the number be divided by the sum of its digits, the quotient is 4...
Página 277 - ... 1000. This argument at the same time indicates a process by means of which the exponent x may be calculated to any desired number of decimal places. We are now ready to define a logarithm. The logarithm of any positive number N, with respect to the base a, is the exponent of the power to which the base a must be raised in order to obtain the number N.* In other words, if az = N, we say that x (the exponent) is the logarithm of N with respect to the base a.

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