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379. OF BURnt offerings.

$379. OF HOLOCAUSTS OR WHOLE burnt-offerings.

Holocausts, riby, hy, were sacrifices, in which the victims were wholly consumed. They were expiatory, were more ancient than any others, and were, for that reason, held in special honour. It was consideration of these circumstances, that Moses gave precepts in regard to this kind of sacrifices first, Lev. 1: 3. Philo DE VICT. P. 838.

Holocausts might be offered by means of the Hebrew priests, when brought by the heathen or those who had originated from another nation, such persons being unable to offer sin or trespass offerings, since this sort of sacrifices had particular reference to some neglect or violation of the Mosaic Law, by whose authority they did not acknowledge themselves bound.

It was remarked at the beginning of the section, that holocausts were expiatory, and we accordingly find, that they were offered, sometimes, for the whole people, for instance, the morning and the evening sacrifices; and, sometimes, by an individual for himself alone, either from the free impulse of his feelings, or in fulfilment of a vow, Ps. 51: 19. 66: 13, 14. They were required to be offered under certain combinations of circumstances, pointed out in the Mosaic laws, viz. by a Nazarite, who had been unexpectedly rendered unclean, or who had completed the days of his separation, Num. 6: 11-16; by those who had been healed of leprosy; and by women after child-birth, Lev. 12: 6, 8.

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The victims immolated at a holocaust were bullocks of three years old, goats and lambs of a year old, turtle-doves, and young pigeons. Not only the parts, which were expressly destined for the altar, but also the other parts of the victims were burnt as was stated at 378. V. VII. A libation of wine was poured out upon the It was the practice among the Gentile nations, (an allusion to which occurs in Philip. 2: 17 and 2 Tim. 4: 6.) to pour the wine out between the horns of the victims, which they immolated to their idols. The priest partially wrung or cut off the heads of the turtledoves and young pigeons, sprinkled the blood on the side of the altar, plucked out the feathers and the crop, and cast them to the East of the altar into the place for the reception of ashes, and placed the remainder, after having cleft or broken the wings, upon the fire, Lev. 1: 3-17.

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§ 380. OF SIN-Offerings.

We have already, in section 252, spoken of the distinction between sins and trespasses, and the sacrifices, which were appropriate to each, as far as the subject was connected with the civil laws. We shall, therefore, be concise, and merely state a few things more, which have reference to the ceremonies on such occasions.

The victims, selected for the sin-offerings, (which, it may be remarked here, are expressed in Hebrew by the words, which usually signify sins, viz. nisen, non,) were different according to the different situation and circumstances of the person, who made the sacrifice. A bullock, was immolated for the high priest, and also for the people, and a goat for the civil magistrate.

With a part of the blood, the priest besmeared the horns of the altar of burnt offerings, but the remainder was poured down at its side, Lev. 4: 22-26. Persons in a private station presented for a sin-offering a kid or a lamb, but the ceremonies were the same, as just mentioned, Lev. 4: 27-35. Other particulars are stated in section 378.

Sin-offerings were required;

I. Of mothers at childbirth. If the child were a son, it was forty, if a daughter, eighty days, before the completion of the time of her purification. She then presented, as her sin-offering, a turtledove and a young pigeon, also a lamb for a burnt-offering; and in case of poverty, another dove and pigeon, as a burnt-offering instead of the lamb, Lev. 12: 6, 8. comp. Luke 2: 24.

II. They were required of lepers, when healed, who generally offered a goat, but in case of poverty a dove or young pigeon, Lev. 14: 13, 19, 22, 30, 31.

III. Likewise of Nazarites unexpectedly contaminated, víz, a dove or young pigeon, Num. 6: 10, 11.

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$381. OF TRESPASS-OFFERINGS.

$ 381.

OF TRESPASS-OFFERINGS.

TRESPASS-OFFERINGS, nizes Den, were not required of the people, as a body. They were to be offered by individuals, who, through ignorance, mistake, or want of reflection, had neglected some of the ceremonial precepts of Moses, or some of those natural laws, which had been introduced into his code, and sanctioned with the penalty of death; and who were, subsequently, conscious of their errour.

. In Lev. 5: 17. where the contrary is asserted, [i. e. where trespasses are represented as errours of commission instead of omission, which is understood to be the most probable distinction in the Mosaic laws between sins and trespasses,] there is no doubt, that the negative particle & is transposed, and that the reading should be,

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which could be expiated by sacrifices, are enumerated in Lev. 4: 1 -16. 5: 1-19.

I. The person, who, being sworn as a witness, concealed the truth, by keeping silent; the man, who, having become contaminated without knowing it, had omitted purification, but had afterwards become acquainted with the fact; the person, who had rashly sworn to do a thing, and had not done it; all these delinquents offered a lamb or kid, or, in case of poverty, two doves or young pigeons, the one for a trespass, the other for a sin-offering. In case the person was unusually poor, he was required to offer merely the tenth part of an ephah of fine meal without oil or frankincense, Lev. 5: 1—16.

II. Whoever appropriated to himself any thing consecrated, or any thing that was promised, or found, or stolen, or deposited in his possession for keeping; whoever swore falsely, or omitted to restore the goods, that belonged to another, or injured him in any other way, presented for his trespass a ram, which had been submitted to the estimation of the priest, and not only made restitution, but allowed an additional amount of a fifth part, by way of indemnification.

III. He, who had committed fornication with a betrothed bondmaid, previously to her being redeemed from servitude, offered a ram for the trespass, Lev. 19: 20—22.

$383. OF COVENANT SACRIFICES.

IV. Nazarites, who had been unexpectedly rendered unclean, presented a lamb of a year old, Num. 6: 11.

V. Finally, lepers, when restored to health, and purified, sacrificed a ram, Lev. 14: 10–14. The ceremonies were the same,

as in the sin-offerings.

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382. PEACE AND THANK OFFERINGS, 2,

Sometimes we find these offerings, in addition to the terms at the head of this section, expressed by the word "merely, Lev. 17: 8. Num. 15: 3. Bullocks, heifers, goats, rams, and sheep were the only animals sacrificed on these occasions, as already stated in § 378, Lev. 3: 1-17. 7: 23-27. These sacrifices, which were offered, ♫ as an indication of gratitude, were accompanied with unleavened cakes, ni nin, covered with oil by pouring it upon them; with thin cakes or wafers, likewise unleavened, in "pp, and besmeared with oil; also with another kind of cakes, made of fine meal and kneaded with oil, in Hebrew, naaqa ntb nix. The priest, who sprinkled the blood, presented one of each of these kinds of cakes, as an offering, Lev. 7: 11— 14, 28-35.

The remainder of the animal substance and of the cakes was converted by the person, who made the offering, into an entertainment, to which widows, orphans, the poor, slaves, and Levites were invited. What was not eaten on the day of the offering might be reserved, till the succeeding, but that, which remained till the third, was to be burnt, (a regulation, which was made, in order to prevent the omission or putting off of this season of benevolence and joy,) Lev. 7: 15–21. Deut. 12: 18. This feast could be celebrated beyond the limits of the tabernacle or temple, but not beyond the city.

383. OF COVENANT SACRIFICES.

THE SACRIFICES, by means of which covenants were confirmed, were not a separate class of offerings, but belonged rather to the peace or thank-offerings. The custom of confirming covenants in this way, (which is the ground of our giving the subject a separate consideration,) was derived from a practice among the

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383. OF COVENANT SACRIFICES.

Chaldeans. The practice, to which we allude, was this. Those, who were about to confirm an agreement, slew and divided the victims, and placed the parts opposite to each other. They then passed through the parts thus divided, saying at the same time, "Let it not thus be done to us," Ephrem Syrus, T. I. p. 161.

Such a confirmation of his covenant, God afforded in a vision to Abraham, by causing a flame and a smoke to pass between the parts of the victims, Gen. 15: 8, 9, 17, 18. And by this ceremony, the Hebrews not only confirmed their covenant with God, (Deut. 29: 11,) but also with king Zedekiah, Jer. 34: 18, 19.

There can hardly be a doubt, therefore, that other covenants on other occasions were confirmed in like manner, Exod. 24: 4—8. Josh. 24: 25. 1 Sam. 11: 15. 1 K. 1: 9 et seq. 2 Chron. 29: 10. 34: 31, 32. Ps. 50: 5. This hypothesis, viz. its being a customary thing to confirm agreements, etc. by sacrifices, accounts for it, that, in 2 Chron. 6: 22, mention is made of the oath before the altar, i. e. before the victims, slain upon it.

And it may be observed, furthermore, that this was the practice not only in Judea, but likewise in almost all the other nations of antiquity, of which we have a proof in the words and phrases, used on such subjects.

For instance,, a covenant, is from to dissect or cut up, and literally means a dissection or cutting up, viz. of the victims, that were sacrificed, when the covenant was confirmed. The Latin FOEDUS, Covenant, in like manner, according to the etymology given by Servius, (Aen. vIII. 641.) is derived, (A FOEDIS VULNERIBUS SACRIFICII,) from the epithet, which was used to express the appearance of the wounds of the victims then slain. This statement of Servius accounts for certain expressions, which were in common use among the Romans, such as the following, FOEDUS ICERE, PERCUTIRE, FERIRE, SANCIRE. The Greeks had a corresponding phrase, viz. öyzia réuver; the Hebrews likewise, viz. na to cut, i. e. to confirm, a covenant or oath. Hebrew word to swear, means originally to swear by seven, i. e. by seven victims. Comp. Gen. 21: 24. These victims were symbols of the punishment, which was to fall upon the violator of the covenant, and which those, who passed through the victims, imprecated on their own heads, in case of such violation.

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