2.

Fig. 5. Plan from C to D. Fig. 6. Plan from E to F. Fig. 7. Plan from G to H. a The opening or hole through which the air enters; and being admitted through the three holes b, b, b, paffles over the furface of the liquor in the ciftern or boiler a, and then palling again by fimilar openings at the oppofite end of the citera y, y, defcends by the vacuity e, c, and, by the holes d, d, is conveyed by the paflages e, e, to the afl-hole or under fide of the grate, and thus ferves to actuate the fire bringing with it the team arifing from the boiler. The air and fteam, having thus ferved the purpose of actuating the fire, are, with the fmoke ariling from the fuel, conveyed by the back of the furnace g, g, under the boiler along the paffage h, h; and, rifing through the aperture i, i, under an inclined caft iron plate k, k, patles through two holes, 1, 1, into the paffages m, m, and rites, by two other holes n, n, into a vacuity o, o, whence it arites again by two holes p, p, enters the flues, 4, 4, and thence into the chimneys r, r. s, s. The ftoking-hole of the furnace.. t, t. The ath-hole. v, v. The opening through which the fuel is put into the furnace. . The door, or opening to the cistern. The fame letters refer to the fame parts in all the feveral delineations in the plate." (1.) EVAPORATORY, adj. belonging or contributing to evaporation; uted for the purpofe of evaporating.

(2.) EVAPORATORY FURNACE. See CHEMIS(3.) EVAPORATORY VESSELS. TRY, Index. EVART, a village of Northumberland, SE. of Flodden hill.

(.) EVASION. n. f. [evafum, Lat.] Excufe; fubterfuge: fophiftry; artifice; artiul means of eluding or efcaping.

Him, atter all difputes, Forc'd I abfolve: all my evafions vain, And reafonings, tho' thro' mazes, lead me ftill But to my own conviction. Milton. (3.) Evasion, in law, any fubtle endeavour to fet alide truth, or to efcape the punishment of the law. Thus, if a perfon fays to another that he will not ftrike him, but will give him a pot of ale to Atrike him firft, and accordingly he ftrikes, the returning of it is punishable; and if the perfon firft ftriking be killed, it is murder: for no man Thall evade the justice of the law by fuch a pretence to cover his malice.

* DVASIVE. adj. [[om evade.] 1. Practifing evafion; clufive.

Thus he, tho' confcious of th' etherial gueft, Antwer'd vajive of the fly request. Pope. 2. Containing an evafion; fophiftical; difhoneftly

artful.

* EVASIVELY. alv. [from evasive.] By evafion; elunvely; fophiftically.

EVATES, a branch of the Druids. Strabo divides the British and Gaulish philofophers into three fects; bards, evates, and druids. He adds, that the bards were the poets and muticians; the evates, the pricfts and naturalifts; and the druids, inoralifts as well as naturalifts: but Marcellus and Hornius reduce them all to two fas, viz. the BARDS and DRUIDS.

EVAUX, a town of France, in the dept. of Creufe, and ci-devant province of Marche; near which there is a mineral fpring and baths: 18 m.

NNE. of Aubuffon, and 251 E. of Guerat. Lon. 2. 35. E. Lat. 46. 13. N.

EUBAGES, or an order of priests and philo. EUBATES, fophers among the ancient Celte or Gauls: fone fuppofe them to be the fame with the druids and fatonidæ of Diodorus; and others, that they were the fame with what Strabo calls EVATES. See DRUIDS, § 2, and 9. EUBELSTADT, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Wurzburg, on the Maine, 3 miles S. of Wurzburg.

EUBA, or ABANTIAS, in ancient geography, an oblong ifland, ftretching out between Attica and Theffaly. See ABANTIAS. This island is in length 150 miles, in breadth from 2 to 40, and in compafs 365, according to Pliny. It is now called NEGROPONT, from its principal town, anciently called CHALCIS.

EUCHAR, a rivulet of Scotland, in Argyllfire, which takes its life from Loch Seammadale, in the parish of Kilninver, and, after a rapid and disturbed courfe NW. falls into the ocean at the Sound of Mull.

(1.) * EUCHARIST. n. S. [wxagisia.] The act of giving thanks: the facramental act, in which the death of our Redeemer is commemorated with a thankful remembrance; the facrament of the Lord's Supper.-Himself did better like of common bread to be used in the cucharit. Hooker.-Some receive the facrament as a means to procure great graces and blefings; others as an eucharif, and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received. Taylor.

(2.) EUCHARIST properly fignifies giving thanks; the word E, literally importing thankgiving being formed of w, good, and en, thanks. This facrament was inftituted by Chrift himfeif, and the participation of it is called communion. As to the manner of celebrating the eucharift among the ancient Chriftians, after the cuf tomary oblations were made, the deacon brought water to the bishops and prefbyters, standing round the table, to wath their hands; according to the pailage of the Pfalmift, "I will wash my hands in innocency, fo will I compals thy altar, ( Lord." Then the deacon cried out aloud, “Mutually embrace and kifs each other;" which being done, the whole congregation prayed for the univerfal peace and welfare of the church, for the tranquillity and repofe of the world, for the prof perity of the age, for whole fome weather, and for all ranks and degrees of men. After this followed mutual falutations of the minifter and people; and then the bishop or prefbyter having fanctified the elements by a folemn benediction, he brake the bread, and delivered it to the deacon, who diftibuted it to communicants, and after that the cup. Their facramental wine was ufually diluted or mixed with water. During the administration, they fang hymns and pfalms; and having concluded with prayer and thanksgiving, the people in luted each other with a kiss of peace, and fo the affembly broke up.

* EUCHARISTICAL. adj. [from eucharif.] 1. Containing acts of thankigiving.-The latter part was eucharistice, which began at the breaking and bletting of the bread. Brown's Vulg. Err.——

It

It would not be amifs to put it into the eucharifical part of our daily devotions: we praise thee, O God, for our limbs and fenfes. Ray. 2. Relating to the Sacrament of the Supper of the Lord. EUCHENDORF, a town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, on the Vils; 14 miles W. of Vilfhofen. (1.) EUCHITÆ, or [Euxirai, Gr. from su, (1.) EUCHITES, prayer,] a fect of ancient heretics, who were first formed into a religious body towards the end of the 4th century, though their chief doctrines and discipline fubfifted in Syria, Egypt, and other eaftern countries before the birth of Chrift. They were thus called becaufe they prayed without ceafing, agreeably to the words of St Paul, 1 Theff. v. 17. imagining that prayer alone was fufficient to fave them. They were alfo called Enthusiasts and MESSALIANS; a term of Hebrew origin, denoting the fame as Eu chites. They were a fort of myftics who imagined, according to the oriental notion, that two fouls refided in man, the one good and the other evil; and who were zealous in expelling the evil foul or dæmon, and haftening the return of the good fpirit of God, by contemplation, prayer, and finging of hymns. They alfo embraced the opinions nearly resembling the Manichean doctrine, which they derived from the tenets of the oriental philofophy...

(2.) EUCHITES, another fect of fanatics, who, in the 12th century, infefted the Greek and Eaftern churches, and who were charged with believing a double Trinity, rejecting wedlock, abftain ing from flesh, treating with contempt the facraments of baptifm and the Lord's fupper, and the various branches of external worship, and placing the effence of religion folely in external prayer, and maintaining the efficacy of perpetual fupplications to the fupreme Being for expelling an evil genius, who dwelt in the breaft of every mortal. This sect is said to have been founded by one LuCOPETRUS, whofe chief difciple was named Tybicus. By degrees the title, Euchites, became a general and invidious appellation for perfons of eminent piety and zeal for genuine Chriftianity, who opposed the vicious practices and infolent tyranny of the priesthood; juft as the Latins comprehended all the adverfaries of the Roman pontiff under the general terms of WALDENSES and ALEIGENSES.

EUCHOLOGIUM, [Euxoλoyion, Cr. i. e. a difcourfe on prayer; from wy, prayer, and aayos, difcourfe; the Greek ritual, wherein are preferibed the order and manner of every thing relating to the administration of their ceremonies, facraments, ordinations, &c. F. Gear has given an edition of it in Greek and Latin, with notes, at Paris. * EUCHOLOGY. n. ƒ. [suxoàsymov.] A formulary of prayers.

EUCHYMY. n. S. [from us, good, and xypos, juice, a good temperature of the blood and juices. (1) EUCLID OF ALEXANDRIA, the celebrated mathematician, flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, about A. A. C. 280. He reduced all the fundamental principles of pure mathematics, which had been delivered down by Thales, Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and other mathematicians before him, into regularity and order, and added many others of his own difcovering; on which VOL. IX. PART I.

(2.) EUCLID OF MEGARA, a celebrated philofopher and logician, flourished about A. A. C. 400. The Athenians having prohibited the Megarians from entering their city on pain of death, this philofopher disguised himself in women's clothes to attend the lectures of Socrates. After the death of Socrates, Plato and other philofophers went to Euclid at Megara, to fhelter themselves from the tyrants who governed Athens. Euclid admitted but one chief good; which he fometimes called God, fometimes Spirit, and fometimes Providence.

* EUCRASY. n. f. [sungaria.] An agreeable well proportioned mixture of qualities, whereby a body is faid to be in a good state of health. Quincy.

(1.) EUDIOMETER, an inftrument for afcertaining the purity of the atmospherical air, or the quantity of oxygenous gas or vital air contained in it, chiefly from its diminution on a mixture with nitrous air. See AEROLOGY, Index. Several kinds of thefe have been invented, the princi pal of which are the following:

(2.) EUDIOMETER, DR PRIESTLEY'S ORIGI NAL. The Eudiometer originally invented and ufed by Dr Priestley is a divided glafs tube, into which, after having filled it with water, and inverted it into the fame, one measure or more of common air, and an equal quantity of nitrous air, are introduced by a small phial, which is called the measure; and thus the diminution of the volume of the mixture, which is feen at once by the gra dations of the tube, inftantly difcovers the purity of the air required.

(3.) EUDIOMETER, IMPROVED BY M. LANDRIANI. Dr Priestley's difcovery was announced to the public in 1772; and feveral perfons both at home and abroad prefently availed themfelves of it, by framing other more accurate inftruments. The firft of thefe was contrived by M. Landriani; an account of which is published in the 6th vol. of Rofier's Journal for 775. It confifts of a glais tube, fitted by grinding to a cylindrical venel, to which are joined two glafs cocks and a finali bafon; the whole being fitted to a wooden frame. In this inftrument quick-filver is used inftead of water; though that is attended with an inconve nience, because the nitrous air acts upon the metal, and renders the experiment ambiguous. (4.) TUDIO

X

(4.) EUDIOMETER, IMPROVEMENTS OF THE, ATTEMPTED BY MR MAGELLAN. In 1772, Mr Magellan publifhed an account of 3 Eudiometers. invented by himself, confifting of glafs veffels of rather difficult conftruction, and troublesome ufe. Mr Cavallo obferves that the construction of all the 3 is founded on a fuppofition, that the mixture of nitrous and atmospherical air, having con. tinued for fome time to diminish, afterwards increafe again; which is a mistake: neither do they give accurate or uniform refults in any two experiments made with nitrous and common air of precifely the fame quality.

(5.) EUDIOMETER, INVENTED BY M. FONΤΑΝΑ. A preferable method of discovering the purity of the air by an eudiometer is recommended by M. Fontana; of which Mr Cavallo fays, that its accuracy is fuch as could fcarce be believed by those who have not had an opportunity of obfer ving it. The intrument is originally nothing more than a divided glass tube, though the inventor afterwards added to it a complicated appara tus, which, in Cavallo's opinion, is ufelefs. The first fimp'e eudiometer consisted only of a glafs tube, as uniformly cylindrical as poffible in its cavity, about 18 inches long, and ths of an inch in diameter in the infide, hermetically fealed at one end. The outside had circles drawn round it, marked with a diamond, 3 inches from one another, or at fuch diftances as are exactly filled by equal meafures of elaftic fluids. When the parts of thefe divifions were required, the edge of a ruler, divided into inches and fmalier parts, was held against the tube; fo that the first divifion of the ruler might coincide with one of the marks on the tube. The nitrous and atmospherical air are introduced into this tube, to be diminished, and the purity of the atmospheric air thus afcertained; but that an equal quantity of elastic fluid may always be certainly introduced. M. Fontana contrived the following intrument as a meafure, which cannot be liable to any error. It is reprefented Plate CXLIII. fig. 1. and confifts of a glafs tube AB, about two inches long and one in diameter, closed at the end A, and having a brafs pięce BCDE cemented on the other, containing a fliding door D; which when pushed into its proper cavity, fuits the mouth of the tube or meafure AB; and when pulled out, as reprefented in the figure, opens it. To prevent it from being pulled out entirely, a fpring E. is fcrewed upon the flat part of the brais piece, the extremity of which bears upon the head of a brass pin, which paffing through a hole, rubs against the door D; and when this is pulled nearly out, the pin, falling into a small cavity, prevents it from coming quite out. The diameter of the brass piece is nearly the fame with that of the glafs tube AB; and near its mouth C there are two notches made with a file. The cavity of the brafs piece and the parts of the measure are shown feparately, viz. a, the glafs tube; b, the brafs piece; c, the fliding brafs door inverted in fuch a manner as to exhibit the cavity for the pin; d, the pin with the spring and small screw. The infice furface of this meafure, as well as of the lorg tube, fhould have the polith taken off by rubbing with emery; as this prevents the water, when the experiments are

made, from adhering to it in drops, and thus the measurements will be more exact. To ufe this apparatus, the long tube must be filled with water; and being inverted in the tub of water defcribe! under the article GAs, furnished with a shelf, the measure being alfo filled with water, is inverte! over a hole in the fhelf; and in order to fill it with the elastic fluid required, a phial containin; it is brought under the hole; where being incline l a little part of the gas efcapes and pales into the measure. The water then efcapes through the notches ss, made with the file in the mouth of the meafure. The door of the measure is then shut by push. ing it in as far as it will go; and the measure being drawn off from the shelf, but ftill kept under wa ter, is turned with the mouth upwards; by which means the fuperfluous quantity of elaftic fluid remaining in the cavity of the brafs piece, by reafon of its being feparated by the fliding picce, efcapes, and has its place occupied by water. The meafure being then again inverted with its mouth downwards, is fet on the fhelf of the tub: the long tube put over the hole of the fhelf, and the air transferred from the measure to this tube, as directed for filling the measure. When M. Fontana made ufe of this eudiometer, be commonly threw in two measures of refpirable air into the tube; then he added one measure of nitrous air; but as foon as the latter was entered, he removed the tube from the fhelf, holding it by the upper end, and agitating it for about 20 feconds in the water. The tube was then refted upon the fide of the tub, while the meafure was again filled with nitrous air; then putting the tube upon the shelf, and holding it as nearly perpendicular as he could, he applied the divided edge of the ruler to it, in order to obferve exactly the diminution of the two fluids. After this he threw in a 4th measure of nitrous air; and after thaking and letting it reft for fome time, he obferved again the diminution of the two elaftic fluids. Notwithstanding the accuracy of this inftrument, M. Fontana found that it was ftill liable to fome fmall errors arifing from the following fources: 1 The elastic fluid within the tube, when the greatest part of it is filled with water, and the tube is kept out of the water excepting its mouth, is not of the fame denfity with the atmospheric air, on account of the pillar of water in the tube; which, according as it is longer or fhorter, counterbalances more or lefs the preflure of the atmosphere upon the quantity of elaftic fluid contained in the upper part of the tube; which occupies a greater or lefs fpace in the tube, according to the preffure it endures. This error, however, becomes infenfible when the column of water is very fhort, and the furface of the water on the outfide coincides nearly with that on the infide of the tube. 2. The difficulty of keeping the inftrument perpendicular in the act of meaturing the diminution. And, 3. The ftill greater difficulty of obferving with what divifion of the ruler the furface of the water within the tube coincided. To avoid these errors, M. Fontana made ufe of the following contrivance. AAAA, fig. 2. represents a firong glafs tube about 3 inches diameter, and 18 inches long, with a foot of glafs all made of one piece. Win about an inch of the mouth of this tube-a draís

Fig 6

B

Fig. 8.

A

M

E

Fig. 9.

B

Exocœtus, the Flying Fish.

Fig. 1.