A fecond multitude

With wond'rous art founded the maffy ore,
Severing each kind, fcum'd the bullion drefs.
Milton.

(1.) FOUNDATION. n. f. fondation, Fr.] 1. The bafis or lower parts of an edifice.-The ftatelineis of houfes, the goodlinets of trees, when we behold them, delighteth the eye; but that foundation which beareth up the one, that root which miniftreth unto the other nourishment, is in the bofom of the earth concealed. Hocker.I draw a line along the fhore; I lay the deep foundations of a wall, And Eaos, nam'd from me, the city call, Dryd. 2. The act of fixing the bafis.---

Ne'er to thefe chambers where the mighty re, Since their foundation, came a nobler gueft, Tickel. 3. The principles or ground on which any notion is raised. If we give way to our paflions, we do but gratify ourfeives for the prefent, in order to our future difquiet; but if we refift and conquer them, we lay the fundation of perpetual peace in our minds. Tillotson.--That the fhould be fub ject to her husband, the laws of mankind and cuftor's of nations have ordered it fo; and there is a foundation in nature for it. Locke. 4 Original rife.-Throughout the world, even from the first foundation thereof, all men have either been taken as lords or lawful kings in their own houfes. Hooker. 5. A revenue corrected and established for any purpose, particularly charity. He had an opportunity of going to fchool on a foundation. Swift. 6. Eftablishment; fettlement.

(2.) FOUNDATION, in architecture, § 1. def. 1. See ARCHITECTURE, Index. F. adio allows a 6th part of the heighth of the whole building for the hollowing or under-digging, unlefs there be cellars under ground, in which cafe he would have it fomewhat lower.

(3) FOUNDATION, (§ 1. def. 5.) denotes alfo a donation or legacy, ether in money or lands, for the maintenance and fupport of fome community, hospital, school, &c. The king only can found a college, but there may be a college in reputation founded by others. If it cannot appear by inquifition who founded a church or college, it hall be intended that it was the king, who has power to found a new church, &c. The king may found and erect an hofpital, and give a name to the house upon the inheritance of another, or license another perfon to do it upon his own lands; and the words fundo creo, &c. are not neceflary in every foundation, either of a college or hofpital, made by the king; but it is fufficient if there be words equivalent; the incorporation of a college or hofpital is the very foundation; but he who endows it with lands is the founder: and to the erection of an hofpital, nothing elfe is requifite but the incorporation and foundation. Perfons feifed of eftates, in fee-fimple, may found hofpitals for the poor by deed enrolled in chancery, &c. which fhall be incorporated, and fubject to fuch vifitors as the founder shall appoint, &c. flat. 39. Eliz. c. 5. (1.) * FOUNDER. n. f. [from found]. A

Of famous cities we the founders know; But rivers, old as feas to which they go, Are nature's bounty: 'tis of more renown To make a river than to build a town. Waller, Nor was Prænefte's founder wanting there Whom fame reports the fon of Mulciber. An 2. One who eftablishes a revenue for any purpose.The wanting orphans faw with wat❜ry eyes Their founders charity in the duft laid low. Drd. This hath been' experimentally proved by the honourable founder of this lecture in his treatife of the air. Bentley. 3. One from whom any thing has its original or beginning.-

And the rude notions of pedantick fchools B'afpheme the facred founder of our rules. Ref. King James I. the founder of the Stuart race, had he not confined all his views to the peace of his own reign, his fon had not been involved in fuch fatal troubles. Addif. Freehold. 4. \Fon deur French.] A cafter; one who forms figures by cafting melted matter into moulds.-Founders add a little antimony to their bell-metal, to make it more fonorous; and fo pewterers to their pew ter, to make it found more clear like filver. Grew's Mujaum.

(2.) FOUNDERS, (§ 1. def. 4.) perfons who caft metals in various forms and for different uses; as guns, bells, ftatues, printing characters, carlieflicks, buckles, &c. whence they are denommated gun-founders, bell-founders, figure-fourders, iet ter-founders, founders of small works. &c. See FOUNDER, *

(1.) To FOUNDER. v. a. fondre, French] To caufe fuch a foreness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is unable to fet it to the groundPhoebus' feeds are founder'd

Or night kept chain'd below. Shak. Tem^eft, I have foundered nine fcore and odd pofts; and here, travel-tainted as I am, have, and in my pure and immaculate valour, taken Sir John Colevile, of the dale, a moft furious knight: but what of that? he faw me yielded. Shak. Hen. IV.

(2.) To FOUNDER. v. a. [from fond, French, the bottom] 1. To fink to the bottom.-New fhips, built at thofe rates, have been ready to founder in the feas with every extraordinary ftorm. Raleigh. 2. To fail; to mifcarry.— In this point

All his tricks founder; and he brings his phyfick After his patient's death.

Shak.

(3.) To FOUNDER, in fea language, (§ 2. def. 1.) is ufed, when a fhip, by an extraordinary leak, or by a great fea breaking in upon her, is fo filled with water, that the cannot be freed of it; fo that she can neither veer nor fteer, but lie like a log; and not being able to fwim long, will at laft fink.

FOUNDERED FEET. See FARRIERY, PART V. SECT. V.

(1.) * FOUNDERY. n. f. [fonderi, Fr. from found.] A place where figures are formed of melted metal; a cafling bouse.

(II. FOUNDERY, or FOUNDRY, fignifies alfo the art of cafting all forts of metals into different forms; for which, in its various branches, fee the firft 7 pages of the next Volume. FOUNDLING.

FOUNDLING. n. f. [from found of find.] A child expofed to chance; a child found with out any parent or owner.-We, like baftards, are laid abroad, even as foundlings, to be trained up by grief and forrow. Sidney.-A piece of charity practifed by moft of the nations about us, is a provision for foundlings, or for those children who are expofed, by the barbarity of cruel and unnatural parents. Addifun.

The goddess long had mark'd the child's dif. trefs,

And long had fought his fuff'rings to redress, She prays the gods to take the foundling's part, To teach his hands fome beneficial art. Gay, FOUNDRESS. n. f. [from founder.] 1. A woman that founds, builds, establishes, or begins any thing. 2. A woman that establishes any charitable

revenue

2

For of their order fhe was patronefs, Albe Clarilla was their chief't foundrefs. F. Q. For zeal like hers, her fervants were to fhow; She was the first, where need requir'd to go; Herfelf the foundrefs, and attendant too. Dryd. (1.) FOUNT, or FONT, among printers, &c. a fet or quantity of characters or letters of each kind, caft by a letter-founder, and forted. When we fay, a founder has caft a fount of bourgeois, of long primer, of brevier, &c. we mean that he has caft a fet of characters of these kinds. A complete fount not only includes the running letters, but alfo large and fmall capitals, fingle/letters, double letters, lines, numeral characters, points, cominas, &c. Founts are large and fall, according to the demand of the printer, who orders them by the hundred weight, or by fheets. When the printer orders a fount of 400, he means that the fount fhould weigh 400 lb. When he demands a fount of 8 fheets, it is understood, that with that fount he fhould be able to compofe 8 fheets, or 16 forms, without being obliged to diftribute. The founder takes his meafure accordingly; he reckons 120 lb. for a fheet, including the quadrates, &c. or 60 lb. for a form, which, is half a fheet: not that the fheet always weighs 1z0lb. or the form 60 lb.; on the contrary, it varies according to the fize of the form; befides, it is always fuppofed that there are letters left in the cafes. The letter-founders, have a kind of lift, or tariff, whereby they regulate their founts; fome letters being in much more ufe, and oftener repeated than others, their cells or boxes, thould be better filled and ftored than thofe of the letters which do not return fo frequently. Thus the o and i, for inftance, are always in greater quantity than the or 2. This difference will be beft perceived from a proportional comparison of thofe letters with themfelves, or fome others. Suppofe a fount of 100,000 characters, which is a common fount; here the a fhould have 5000, the 3000, the e e 11,000, the i 6000, the 3000, the k only 30, and the x, y, and 2, not many more. But this is only to be understood of the letters of the lower cafe; thofe of the upper having other proportions, which it would be tedious here to fpecify. (2.) FOUNT. n.f. fons, Lat. fontaine, (1.) * FOUNTAIN.} French.] 1. A well; a Spring.

He fet before him spread

2.

A table of celeftial food divine,

Ambrofial fruits, fetch'd from the tree of life;
And from the fount of life ambrosial drink;

A fmall bafon of springing water.-
Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We fee each grain of gravel.

Milton?

Shak

-Can a man drink better from the fountain finely, paved with marble, than when it fwells over the green tuck? Taylor. 3. A jet; a spout of water. Fountains I intend to be of two natures: the one that sprinkleth or ipouteth water; the other a fait receipt of water, without fith, or flime or mud. Bacon. 4. The head or first spring of a river.All actions of your grace are of a piece, as waters keep the tenor of their fountains: your compaffion is general, and has the fame effect as well on enemies as friends. Dryden. 5. Original; first principle; firft caufe.-Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness. Comm. Prayer. You may reduce many thousand bodies to these few general figures, as unto their principal heads and fountains. Peacham.

(2.) FOUNTAIN, § 1, def. 1, 4. Among the ancients, fountains were generally cfteemed facred; but fome were held to be fo in a more particular, manner. The good effects received from cold baths gave fprings and rivers this high reputation: for the falutary influence was fuppofed to proceed from fame prefiding deity. Particular accidents might occafion fome to be held in greater veneration than others. It was cuftomary to throw little pieces of money into thofe fprings, lakes, or rivers, which were efteemed facred, to render the prefiding divinities propitious; as the touch of a naked body was fuppofed to pollute their hallow-. ed waters. For the phenomena, theory, and os“ rigin of fountains or fprings, fee SPRING.

(3.) FOUNTAIN, ARTIFICIAL, called alfo a JaT D'EAU, is a contrivance by which water is violently fpouted upwards. See HYDRAULICS., See ICELAND,

14.) FOUNTAIN, BOILING.

(5.) FOUNTAIN TREES, very extraordinary ve getables growing in one of the Canary islands, and likewife faid to exift in fome other places, which difti! water from their leaves in fuch plenty, as to aufwer all the purposes of the inhabitants who live near them. Of thefe trees we have the following account in Glaffe's hiftory of the Canary Inlands." There are only 3 fountains of water in the whole inland of Hierro, wherein the fountain tree grows. The great cattle are watered at thofe fountains, and at a place where water diftils from the leaves of a tree. Many writers have made mention of this famous tree, fome in such a manner as to make it appear miraculous: others again deny the existence of any fuch tree; among whom is Father Feyjoo, a modern Spanish author, in his Theatro Critico. But he, and thofe who a gree with him in this matter, are as much mitaken as thofe who would make it appear to be iniraculous. This is the only ifland of all the Canaries which I have not been in; but I have failed with natives of Hierro, who, when queftioned a bout the exiftence of this tree, anfwered in the affirmative. The author of the Hyllory of the Dije covery and Conque has given us a particular account of it, which I thall here relate at large. The

The diftri&t in which this tree ftands is called Tigulabe; near to which, and in the cliff or fteep rocky afcent that surrounds the whole island, is a narrow gutter or gulley, which commences at the fea, and continues to the fummit of, the cliff, where it joins with a valley, which is terminated by the steep front of a rock. On the top of this rock grows a tree, called in the language of the ancient inhabitants, Garfe, "Sacred or Holy Tree," which for many years has beer. preferved found, entire, and freth. Its leaves constantly diftil fuch a quantity of water as is fufficient to furnith drink to every living creature in Hierro; nature having provided this remedy for the drought of the island. It is fituated about a league and a half from the fea. Nobody knows of what fpecies it is, only that it is called Til. It is diftinct from other trees, and stands by itself; the circumference of the trunk is about 12 fpans, the diameter 4, and in height from the ground to the top of the higheft branch, 40 fpans: the circumference of all the branches together is 120 feet. The branches are thick and extended; the Toweft commence about an ell from the ground. Its fruit refembles the acorn, and taftes fomething like the kernel of a pine apple, but is fofter and more aromatic, The eaves of this tree refemble thofe of the laurel, but are larger, wider, and more curved; they come forth in a perpetual fucceffion, fo that the tree always remains green. Near to it grows a thorn which faftens on many of its branches, and interweaves with them; and at a fmall distance from the garfe are fome beech trees, brefos, and thorns. On the north fide of the trunk are two large tanks or cifterns, of rough ftone, or rather one cistern divided, each half being 20 feet fquare, and 16 fpans in depth. One of thefe contains water for the drinking of the inhabitants; and the other that which they ufe for their cattle, wafhing, and fuch like purposes. Every morning near this part of the ifland, a cloud or mift arifes from the fea, which the S. and E. winds force against the fore-mentioned steep cliff; fo that the cloud having no vent but by the gutter, gradually afcends it, and from thence advances flowly to the extremity of the valley, where it is flopped and checked by the front of the rock which terminates the valley, and then refls upon the thick leaves and wide-fpreading branches of the tree, from whence it diftils in drops during the remainder of the day, until it is at length exhaufted, in the fame manner that we fee water drip from the leaves of trees after a heavy thower of rain. This distillation is not peculiar to the garfe or til; for the brefos, which grow near it, likewife drop water; but their leaves being but few and narrow, the quantity is fo trifling, that though the natives fave fome of it, yet they make little or no account of any but what diftils from the til, which, together with the water of fome, fountains, and what is faved in the winter feafon," is fufficient to ferve them and their flocks. This tree yields most water in thofe years when the Levant or easterly winds have prevailed for a contindance; for, by thefe winds o ly the clouds or

In

mifts are drawn hither from the fea. A perfos lives on the fpot near which this tree grows, who is appointed by the council to take care of it and its water; and is allowed a houfe to live in, with a certain falary. He every day diftributes to each family of the diftrict 7 pots full of water, befides what he gives to the principal people of the island.” Whether the tree which yields water at this pres. fent time be the fame as that mentioned in the above defcription, I cannot determine: but it is probable there has been a succession of them; for Pliny, defcribing the Fortunate ifland, fays, the mountains of Ombrion are trees refembling the plant ferula, from which water may be procured by preffure. What comes from the black kind is bitter, but that which the white yields is fweet and potable." Trees yielding water are not peculiar to the island of Hierro; for travellers inform us of one of the fame kind on the inland of St Thomas, in the bight or gulph of Guiney. In Cockburn's Voyages we find the following account of a dropping tree, near the mountains of Fera Paz, in America. "On the morning of the 4th day, we came out on a large plain, where were great numbers of fine deer, and in the middle stood a tree of unusual size, spreading its branches over a vast compafs of ground Curiofity led us up to it. We had perceived, at fome diflance off, the ground about it to be wet; at which we began to be fomewhat furprised, as well knowing there had no rain fallen for near fix months pall, according to the certain course of the season in that latitude: that it was impoffible to be fioned by the fall of dew on the tree, we well convinced by the fun's having power to exhale away all moisture of that nature a few minutes after its rifing. At laft, to our great amazement as well as joy, we faw water dropping, or as it were diftilling, faft from the end of every leaf of this wonderful (nor had it been amifs if I had faid mairaculous) tree; at leaft it was fo with respect to us, who had been labouring 4 days through extreme heat, without receiving the leaft moisture, and were now almost expiring for the want of it." We could not help looking on this as liquor fent. from heaven to comfort us under great extremity. We catched what we could of it in our hands, and drank very plentifully of it; and liked it fo well, that we could hardly prevail with ourselves to give over. A matter of this nature could not but incite us to make the ftricteft obfervation ». concerning it; and accordingly we ftaid under the tree near 3 hours, and found we could not fathom its body in 5 times. We obferved the foil where it grew to be very ftrong; and upon the niceft enquiry we could afterwards make, both of the natives of the country and the Spanih i habitants, we could not learn there was any fuch tree known throughout New Spain, nor perhaps all America over; but I do not relate this as a prodigy in nature, because I am not philofopher enough to afcribe any natural caufe for it; the learned may perhaps give substantial reafons in uature, for what appeared to us a great and marvellous fecret.”