Compound Conjunctions. In addition to the simple Conjunctions, we have a large number of phrases that are sometimes called Compound Conjunctions, e.g. inasmuch as, for fear that, for all that, provided that, etc. Taken together, each combination of words has the force of a Conjunction. In parsing these compounds, each word should first be taken separately, and afterwards the whole expression. Correlatives. Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called Correlatives. Examples are the following: ... Although he is poor, yet he is respected (Adversative). Either he, or his friend, must be disappointed (Alternative). Not only the poor, but the rich must die (Accumulative). Both you and I have seen Paris (Accumulative). Other Correlatives are neither... nor; whether . . . or; as as (equality); as... so (similarity); so... as (degree); so... that (consequence); both. . . also (cumulative); or... or (alternative). In Anglo-Saxon and Earlier English, the correlatives ne, ne were used instead of neither, nor. Perhaps... perhaps, maybe... maybe, are sometimes used for either. or. ... 6 Compare French soit... soit, and Greek ..., and the provincialism, Happen I will, happen I won't.' Beware of coupling wrongly paired Correlatives, e.g. neither . . . or, as ... than. Conjunctions-How Distinguished from other Words? Conjunctions differ from Prepositions in never governing a Case; They differ from Relative Pronouns in joining independent propositions, and forming no part of either; and From Adverbs in this, that while Adverbs may be moved to other parts of the sentence to which they belong, Conjunctions: cannot be so moved without destroying the sense. get a concise definition :— Hence we (a) The Particle which serves to define a Verb, an Adjective, or an Adverb, is called an Adverb. (6) The Particle placed before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation, is called a Preposition. (c) The Particle that connects sentences is a Conjunction. Conjunction or Preposition? Many words can (according to most grammarians) be used both as Conjunctions and Prepositions, e.g.— 4 For . I will vote for him, for I like him (Conj.) (?) (Prep.) 6. Except. (Prep.) None but the brave Except ye repent ye shall perish (Conj.) (?) It is doubtful whether Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6 are ever Conjunctions. Note that that was formerly inserted after them, 'Before that I went away,' showing that the connective force, which is only that of a Preposition, needed strengthening. They may be described as Prepositions governing sentences. Conjunction, Preposition, or Adverb? Some words may be used not only as Conjunctions or Prepositions, but as Adverbs also, e.g.— Mushrooms grow fast, but oaks grow slowly (Conj.) All is lost but honour Honour is but a name (Prep. = except) Lost Conjunctions. The following Conjunctions were in use in the Anglo-Saxo language, but have fallen into disuse :— ge, ge both, and as well, as oththe, oththe Also, for thám the='for that that' (i.e. because); tó thán that 'for the end that;' be thám the='by that that' ( because); and some others. = VIII. INTERJECTIONS. QUESTIONS ON THE INTERJECTION. 1. What is an Interjection? Mention the derivation of the word. 2. How may Interjections be classified? 3. Enumerate the Interjections that are capable of more than one signification. 4. What are the Interjections serving to excite action? 5. What difference is there between the earlier and present meaning of forsooth ? 6. What Interjections are disguised oaths? 7. Can Interjections govern cases? If not, how is the use of oblique cases after Interjections to be accounted for? 8. What parts of speech, besides Interjections, may the following be considered?-Hark! look! behold! list! stop! 9. By what mark are Interjections usually followed? 10. Translate this definition : Voces quæ cujuscunque passionis animi pulsu per exclamationem interjiciuntur." 11. Distinguish between Spontaneous or Primitive, and Artificial or Secondary Interjections. INTERJECTIONS. Definition.-An Interjection is an exclamatory word or sound, used to express emotion. Interjections are common to all vocal animals; and many irrational beings possess a wide range of them. Those who have studied the capabilities of dogs tell us that vocally they can express Affection, Anger, Discovery, Disdain, Dislike, Fondness, Grief, Hunger, Loss, Pleasure, Satisfaction, Watchfulness, etc. These facts have led many to deny to the Interjection a place among the Parts of Speech; and probably they are right, for the Interjection is not syntactically related to any part of the sentence. Some persons whistle to express surprise. Emotion is not thought, nor does its quickness leave time for grammatical arrangement. The term Interjection is derived from Latin inter, between, and jacio, I throw. Its Greek equivalent, Parenthesis, is from rapa, alongside, and rinj, to place. Thus the Interjection is something additional to the sentence, and forms no part of it. Since, however, we possess written words to express the sounds wrung from us by sudden feeling, and since they embrace the gamut of emotion, it is better to treat of them with the Parts of Speech. Horne Tooke, in his 'Diversions of Purley,' writes: The dominion of speech is erected upon the downfall of Interjections. Without the artful contrivances of language, mankind would have had nothing but Interjections with which to communicate orally their feelings. The neighing of a horse, the lowing of a cow, the barking of a dog, coughing, shrieking, and every other involuntary convulsion with oral sound, have almost as good a title to be called "Parts of Speech" as Interjections have. Voluntary Interjections are only employed where the suddenness and vehemence of some affection or passion returns men to their natural state, and makes them for a moment forget the use of speech; or when, from some circumstance, the shortness of time will not permit them to exercise it.' Classification of Interjections. The most natural classification of Interjections is based the difference of the emotions of which they are an expre sion. Interjections may express, by way of exclamation, a emotion of Hurrah! Joy, Aversion or Contempt,.{Fie! Humph! Tush! Bosh! Hem! Pooh! Faugh Curiosity, Deliberation, Disbelief, Eh? Ha? Why! Indeed! Forsooth! Tut-tut! Interjections may also be divided into-(1) Spontaneous or Primitive Interjections, i.e. such as have no basis in grammatical forms; and (2) Artificial or Secondary Interjections, ie. those which, though extra-grammatical no less than the former, in the sense that they do not enter into any grammatical construction, are nevertheless founded upon grammatical words. Interjections of the former class are-O! alack! pooh! psha! heigh-ho! etc. They are chiefly onamatopoetic. Of the second class are-Hail, fudge, adieu, etc. Do Interjections govern Cases? Interjections do not govern words; but there are elliptical modes of expression in which words called Interjections are |