It is sometimes difficult to recognise Cognate Objectives, e.g. 'It blew a hurricane;' 'The gutters ran blood;' 'The fountains spouted wine.' The Adverbial Object.-A Noun in the Objective Case is used Adverbially, to denote (a) Extent and direction in space- (b) Amount or degree He stayed there ten years. I saw the man three days ago. (c) Cost or value This book cost five shillings. Ten yards across. He arrived last night. This act cost Charles his crown. To reign is worth ambition, though in hell. (a) Manner or attendant circumstances- He is a year older than I am. He was fined forty shillings. In addition to the foregoing principal divisions of the Adverbial Accusative, we may mention (e) Accusative of 'motion towards' 'Ere he could arrive the point proposed.'-Cæsar. The ships reached Genoa. Accusative of Reference or Closer Definition He smote them hip and thigh. The rich may boast their pomp, the great, their power. We routed him, horse and foot. (g) Miscellaneous Accusatives He fled the scene. By whom I escape death. } (Motion from.) He winked his eye. (Subordinate agency.) "What time the pea puts forth its bloom Thy welcome voice we hear.' (Point of Time.) Note that the Adverbial Object is not governed by the Verb, but it modifies the Verb. The method of testing an Adverbial (or a truly Cognate) Accusative, is to endeavour to make it the Subject of a corresponding sentence in the Passive Voice. If this can be done, the Accusative is not completely Adverbial. We have previously stated that every Accusative is somewhat Adverbial, and the facility with which this Case can be used Adverbially seems to corroborate our assertion. Substantives depending on Prepositions are also commonly described as Nouns or Pronouns in the Objective Case. The Substantive so defined may serve as an Attributive Adjunct to the Verb, or as an Adverbial, or as part of an Adverbial, e.g. (a) Turpin rode to York. (b) The famous ride to York from London. -See Analysis of Sentences. Accusative with Infinitive. This construction is not English, but is occasionally used, e.g.— I know you to be a rogue. I perceived him to understand more than was thought. This usage must not be imitated. Interjectional or Vocative Accusative (Dative).—In such expressions as 'Ah! me,' 'Alas! Poor Yorick' (Hamlet), me and Yorick are often accounted Objective. Cf. Latin, 'O vim maximam erroris' (Cicero), Greek, vn Aia. The difficulty attending these expressions is shown by the fact that they have been placed in three different Cases by different minds-(1) Nominative of Address, (2) Objective, and (3) Dative. Study 'Me poor man! my library Was dukedom large enough.'-Tempest. With reason, me is ofttimes said to be Dative. Position of the Objective.-The Object usually succeeds the Verb or Preposition, except in the cases of Relatives and S Interrogatives, or for the sake of emphasis. In poetry this construction is not uncommon. I told you whom it was given to (Relative with Preposition). Some they slew, others they wounded (Emphasis). In poetry this construction is sometimes ambiguous. What does this sentence mean apart from the context? 'The gallant hound the wolf had slain.' THE DATIVE CASE OR INDIRECT OBJECT. The Dative Case denotes the 'recipient' or an object affected by the Verb remotely or indirectly, as— I gave her a book. Woe worth the chase. William bought her a dress. Is there a Dative Case in English? Undoubtedly. Arguments against its existence (1) The Dative Case is simply the Objective governed by to or for understood. (2) There is no separate form for the Dative Case, it being merged in the Objective. Replies (1) The Dative Case is governed by the Verb, and is not identical with, but simply equivalent to, the Preposition with the Objective Case. The historical argument is decisive. To and for have not dropped out, for they were never there.* In Anglo-Saxon, as in Greek and Latin, there was a Dative, which was even used absolutely. Note.-In 'I promised John an apple,' to cannot be idiomatically inserted, 'I promised (to) John an apple.' We leave out of consideration the philological fact that some Case Suffixes were originally Prepositions. (2) Case has ceased to be restricted (except technically) to inflections, and is now judged of by function, else would the Noun in English have only one true Case, the Possessive. Neither, in all instances, has the Dative been merged in the Objective. The Pronouns him and her are true Dative forms, and the Objective has been merged in the Dative! Note.-The Dative is generally used in connection with the Objective, but occasionally without, as, 'I answered him.' The Indirect Object is most frequently met with(a) After Verbs of giving, owing, pleasing, promising, resembling, showing, telling, thanking, etc., as, 'Give it him,' 'He promised me a book.' (6) With Impersonal Verbs, as, 'methinks' and 'meseems.' (c) After Adjectives of similarity, dissimilarity, and nearness, as, 'like me,' 'unlike him,' ' near you.' (d) After certain Interjections, as, 'Woe is me;' 'Well is thee.' The Dative of Interest (Dativus Ethicus).-Sometimes an indirect object is inserted after Verbs which usually take only a direct object, in order to express the interest of some person in the action of the Verb. Hence this remotely indirect object is called by grammarians the Dative of Interest. It is used to give vivacity to a description, as— 'Whip me such honest knaves !'-Shakespeare. 'A Jew ate me a whole ham of bacon.'-Spectator. 'The cloudy messenger turns me his back.'-Shakespeare. The Dative Absolute. In the oldest period, the Dative and not the Nominative was the Absolute Case. [This construction was more logical, the Dative being more Adverbial than the Nominative.] However, about 1350 the Nominative began to usurp this function, but yet we find in Pecock (1449) 'Him it witing, and not weerning'=' Him (he) knowing and not forbidding it; and in Milton's Paradise Lost (1665)— 'So him destroyed For whom all this was made, all this will soon and in his Samson Agonistes (1671)— 'Do you that presumed Me overthrown, to enter lists with heaven.' The Dative Infinitive.-The Infinitive of Purpose is really a Noun in the Dative Case, as, 'Ut eode se sawere his saed to sawenne'='The sower went out to sow his seed.' Position of the Dative.-The Dative is generally placed after the Verb, and between it and the Direct Object, as, 'I taught him geography.' ANSWERED QUESTIONS. 1. Q. Distinguish between a thing and a Noun. A. A thing is the object or that are connected with the A. The corresponding Abstract Nouns are strength, wisdom, goodness, truth, brilliancy, falsehood, height, depth, constancy, simplicity, abundance, departure. 3. Q. Write down the Abstract Nouns that are connected with the following words :-enchant, felon, abstain, forbear, king, lord, man, marry, poet, obstinate, steal, sublime. A. Enchantment, felony, abstinence, forbearance, kingdom, lordship, manhood, marriage, poetry, obstinacy, stealth, sublimity. 4. Q. To what class of Nouns do you refer minister and secretary in the passage following? -I write to you,' said Bolingbroke to Prior, not as the Minister to the Secretary, but as Harry to Mat.' A. They are ordinarily Common Nouns, but are here used as Proper. It is quite evident that they refer to particular individuals. 5. Q. Enumerate three instances of 'false plurals,' i.e. of singular Nouns that look like plurals, but which Etymology shows to |