are an instance of what is called the Objective use of the Possessive Pronoun, .e. they are equivalent to the taking off of him,' i.e. his murder. This mode of expression is less cumbrous than the other, though it may possibly be productive of ambiguity.

34. Q. When does the Objective Case come before the Verb which

governs it? Give examples. A. This frequently happens in (1) rhetorical, and (2) interrogative constructions. E.g. Jesus I know, and Paul I know; Whom did you see?'' Whom did you give it to ?' 35. Q. What construction is illus

trated by John is a sailor
'He remained a bank-clerk
'He was named Peter;' 'He
looked a gentleman'?

A. The predicate after Copulative Verbs, Verbs denoting continuance, Verbs of naming and seeming, is in the Nominative Case. 36. Q. What is meant by the apostrophe and s (-'s)? When and why was it introduced into English?

A. The apostrophe marks the elision of e. In the oldest English -es was the ending of the Possessive Case of many Masculine and Neuter Nouns; and in the 13th century it was used for Feminine Nouns also. Gradually es became the general ending. It was at first a distinct syllable, like the -es in churches. It has passed through many modifications (-us, -ys, -is). By degrees it assumed its present form -'s, most probably to distinguish the Possessive Case singular from the plural number. Dr. Morris says, general use of the apostrophe in the singular is not found much before the end of the 17th century.'

The

following Genitives. Which of
them might be expressed in
both ways, viz. by the use of
of, and by the possessive in-
flection? A man of Kent;
'A man of wealth;' 'The
love of money ;' 'God's
house; The murderers of
Captain Cook.'

A. A man of Kent,' Partitive in force. It means one of the men who inhabit Kent.' A man of wealth,' the Attributive Gentive. Wealth is ascribed to man. 'The love of money,' Objective Genitive. Wealth is the object to which the feeling is directed. 'God's house,' Possessive, denoting ownership. 'The murderers of Captain Cook,' Objective. 'God's house' might have been expressed equally well by the words, The house of God,' and Captain Cook's murderers' would be exactly equi valent to the murderers of Captain Cook.'

38. Q. Mention some instances of

(1) incomplete compounds, i in which the fact of their being compound words is concealed by their present form; and (2) instances of apparent compounds or words which simu late composition.

A. Verdict is from Lat. vere dictum, i.e. truly stated, and bachelor from bas chevalier; vouch safe means 'to vouch for or promise safety. Each syllable has therefore a distinct signification. On the other hand, cray-fish is for crevice (French, ecrevisse); wise-acre for the German weissager, a diviner and beef-eaters for buffetiers of bæuffetiers, the attendants at the royal side-board. These look like compound words, but are not such

Q. Give the history of such forms as are now used for the inflection of English Nouns.

A. The forms of inflection now inate are three, viz, one for Gender, one for Number, and one for Case. (1) The only living mode of forming fresh Feminines is by adding the suffix -ess. (State origin and when introduced.) (2) In common be we have only one form of inSection to indicate Number, viz. the adition of -es or -s to the singular. State from what derived and when introduced.) (3) The only form to radicate Case in English Nouns is tow the 's for the Possessive Case. State from what derived and when it had become common.)

40. Q. What is a Compound Noun ? What is the rule as to the accent of compound words, and what are the exceptions to the rule aforesaid?

4. A Compound Noun is the combination of two words, either with or without a hyphen, each of which has a distinct signification, as dogcart, beet-jack, pine-apple, pear-tree. The general rule with regard to compound words is that the accent is thrown on the first word of the compound. The exceptions to the general rule are as follows:-(1) When distinct pronunciation is impossible unless the rule is set aside, the accent remains unaltered, as in well-head, fool-hardy. (2) When the first word bears a small proportion to the entire compound, as well-favoured, all-powerful; and 3) when the first part, though a distinct word, is not found as such English, as perchance, misdeed. With these exceptions the rule is absolute.

41. Q. By the help of suffixes convert the following Nouns into Ad

jectives:-snow, grace, brother, sense, fool, wood, idiot, grease, planet, ecclesiastic.

A. Snowy, graceful, brotherly, sensible, foolish, wooden, idiotic, greasy, planetary, ecclesiastical. 42. Q. Show how Diminutives are formed in English.

A. By changing the root-vowel, as cat, kit. By changing the consonant, as dike, ditch. By changing the root-vowel and consonant, as cock, chick. By adding the suffixes -ling, kin, -ock, -let (Saxon); -aster, -cule, -icle (Lat.); -isk (Greek); as duck-ling, lamb-kin, hill-ock, stream-let, poet-aster, animal-cule, part-icle, aster-isk.

43. Q. What are Augmentatives? Mention the chief augmentative terminations in English.

A. Augmentative forms express the opposite of diminutives. They describe qualities tending to excess, and hence often imply censure. The chief augmentative words in English are such as end in-(1) -ard or art (Germ. -hart), as drunkard, coward, braggart (implying censure), sweetheart (sweetard), Richard (ric, kingdom), wizard, mallard; (2) -oon one), as balloon, trombone, million; (3) -ry or -ery, with a collective force, as rookery, heronry (not eyry), Jewry. These last terminations have sprung from the AngloSaxon Neuter endings -ru and -ra. 44. Q. In some instances when a

Noun has been derived from the Latin, another word with the same meaning has been derived from the Greek. Mention six pairs of Nouns similar in signification, of which one is of Latin, and the other of Greek derivation.

A. Such pairs are Deist (Lat.), and Theist (Greek), numeration and

arithmetic, revelation and Apocalypse, compassion and sympathy, individuality and idiosyncrasy, supposition and hypothesis.

45. Q. How are English compounds known in print and pronunciation ? Which is the defining word in compounds?

A. Compounds are known in print, in many instances, by the hyphen, as in watch-guard, racehorse, and occasionally by altered spelling, as in cheerful, graceful. In pronunciation they are almost invariably to be distinguished by the accent which is thrown on the first part of the compound, as in penknife, house-holder. To this rule there are three exceptions-(1)When it is impossible to pronounce them in this way distinctly, as in foolhardy; (2) If the first term bear a small proportion to the whole compound, as all-powerful; (3) If the first term, though really distinct, be not used except in compounds, as mistake, perchance.

46. Q. Explain the statement, 'Composition is accompanied by limitation of significance.'

A. When two words are used to form a compound, the compound word generally denotes less than the two words when kept apart. Compare bluebell and blue bell, redbreast and red breast, blackbird and black bird.

47. Q. What was the A.S. form of

the termination -ster, and what masculine termination corresponded to it? Give instances of A.S. Nouns with both terminations.

A. The A.S. form of -ster was -estre. The corresponding masculine termination was -ere. Instances of Nouns having these terminations are-bac-ere, a baker, fem. bæc

estre; hearp-ere, a harper, fem hearp-estre; hopp-ere, a dancer fem. hopp-estre, a female dancer sang-ere, a singer, fem. sang-estre webb-ere, a weaver, fem. webb-estre and many others.

48. Q. What case was the Absolut Case in A.S.? Mention on

or two instances of this con struction.

A. In A.S. the Absolute Case was the Dative. The following are instances:-Thinre dura belocenre, bide thine fæder (Matt. vi. 6)-Thy door having been locked, pray to thy father. Hym thâ gvt sprecen dum hig comon fram tham heahgesam nungum-'While they were yet speaking, they come from the rulers of the synagogue.' 49. Q. Give an instance, from some standard English author, of(1) the Nominative Case Absolute; (2) the Oblique Case Absolute.

A. Such instances are the following

:

'I shall not lag behind or err The way, thou leading.' (Milton.) Instances of the Oblique Case Absolute from the same author are-'me overthrown,' 'us dispossessed,' and 'him destroyed.'

50. Q. Give some account of the Nouns-amends, bellows, breeks

or breeches, hustings, gallows. A. Amends is a plural formed from the Fr. amende. Bellows may possibly be connected with the Mæso-Gothic balgs, plur. balgeis, a wine-skin. Breeches and breeks are double plurals, bréc being the A.S plur. of broc, by vowel-mutation, like feet from foot. Hustings is a meaningless plural of the Icelandic hus-thing, house-council. Gallows is the plur. of A.S. galga, a gibbet, A.S. plur. galgan.

51. Q. Mention the A.S. forms, singular and plural, of the Nouns-foot, goose, louse, man, mouse, tooth. Is this change of the root-vowel properly called an inflection ?

A. The equivalents in A.S. were -in the sing., fôt, gôs, lûs, man, mis, toth; and in the plur., fêt, gês, , men, mỹs, têth. All these words once had a plural ending (fot had plar. feti), which, however, has long ince disappeared. The vowel of the plural suffix, though lost, has left traces of its influence in the change of the root-vowel, which has altered according to the law of wowel-change which is called Umand by the German philologists. 2 Q. Had the case - endings of Nouns at one time a meaning? What conjectures have been made by philologists as to their original forms?

A. Yes. In the Aryan languages the case-endings are all attenuated words. This is now accepted as a fact, notwithstanding the obscurity in which their origin is still involved. The Nominative ending -s (as in =reg-s) is connected with the Demonstrative Pronouns; that is to say, the word reg-s (afterwards contracted into rex) meant at first 'that ruler.' The Genitive ended in -s or

, which is also supposed to be a Demonstrative Pronoun. The Dative suffix was originally a Preposition,

meaning to or for. The suffix of the Accusative was -m, the origin of which is lost in the night of antiquity. The Locative Case had the ending -i. This ending is etymologically connected with the Preposition in. The Instrumental Case, expressing the relation by or with, ended in -a. The Ablative termination was -t or -d, probably from a demonstrative root. 53. Q. In what words are the traces of these early case-endings most clearly apparent?

A. The Nominative ending -s is still traceable in the Demonstrative Pronouns of four languages, viz. Greek,,, ró; A.S. se, seo, that; Sanscrit, sa, sâ, tat; Modern English, the. For the Genitive ending we must have recourse to the -tya (=sya), which is the termination in Sanscrit Adjectives, and the s which appears in many Adjectives in Greek, e.g. nuorios. The original Dative suffix is considered to be the Preposition which appears under the form of up in Greek, of abhi in Sanscrit, of umbe in A. S., and of which we are supposed to get a glimpse in the -ibus, -ubus, -ebus of the Dative plural of Latin Nouns of the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions. A faint trace of the old Ablative termination is seen in the Old Latin form equod, the Ablative of equus.