LQ. Mention any local variations of the Personal Pronouns that exist in modern English. A. Tennyson has familiarized us with 'a' for he. 'Hoo' for she survives in the dialect of Lancashire (reminding us of the old form heo for sea), and hees (Devonian) sometimes represents the local pronunciation of his.

2. Q. Distinguish between the case of me in the following sentences:-(1) 'He told me a story;' (2) 'He taught me thoroughly."

A. The first me is the Indirect Object; the second, the Direct Object. The first me is equivalent to 'for me;' the second stands for the object of the Verb's action. 3 Q. The Possessive or Genitive

Cases of the Personal Pronouns in English have become Possessive Adjectives, i.e. they stand for meus, tuus, etc., rather than for mei, tui, etc. Is there anything like this in the Latin language?

4. Yes; there is an exact parallel. The word cujus is used both as the

Genitive Case of qui or quis, and also as a Possessive Pronoun with the inflections of an Adjective (cujusa-um). Compare Virgil, Ecl. :'Dic mihi Damæta, cujum pecus?' 'Tell me, Damætas, whose flock this is.'

Here cujum is in the Neuter Gender, to agree with pecus. 4. Q. Write sentences in which the Pronouns him, them, you appear in the Objective Case-first, as Direct Objects; next, as Indirect Objects.

A. Direct Object-' Bring him here;' Turn them out;' They admire you.' Indirect Object— 'Bring him a drink ;' 'Give them a beating;' 'I will sing you a song.'

5. Q. Explain the expression Oure aller cok,' which occurs in Chaucer (Prologue, 823).

A. It means 'The cock of us all,' and is an interesting example of the Substantive use of the Genitive Case of we. Here oure, the Chaucerian equivalent of A.S. eower, has its original meaning of of us. Aller is the same as the

A.S. Genitive plural ealra. A similar expression, 'Youre aller hele,' 'The salvation of you all,' occurs in Piers Plowman.

6. Q. Alter the sentences-(a) 'You did it,' (b) 'Nobody thinks so,' so as to make you and nobody emphatic. May 'it is' be followed by a Noun in the plural? A. We may write, 'You did it yourself,' and 'Nobody whatever thinks so.' After it is' we may use the plural, as, 'It is they,' 'It is the Highlanders,' 'It is the Easter holidays.'

7. Q. What Case is me in the following?-(1) 'It is me;' (2) 'Methinks I hear the clarion;' (3) 'I laid me down and slept.' A. (1) Perhaps me is here an Independent Nominative. Compare the French c'est moi. (2) An old Dative. The expression is equivalent to 'It seems to me.' (3) The Objective Case governed by the Verb laid, and equivalent here to myself.

8. Q. If an ox gore a man or a

woman, SO that they die.' Account for the use of they in

this passage. Is its employment grammatical?

A. As the Nouns connected by or are of different genders, the employment of either he or she would be improper. They is therefore used to avoid a longer expression, such as, 'So that one of them dies.' However, the construction is not elegant, and its accuracy is open to question.

9. Q. What sort of a Pronoun is self in (a) 'He went to fetch it himself; (b) 'He killed himself in despair'? Give an example of self, as (1) Noun, (2) Pronoun, (3) Adjective. Can it possibly be an Adverb?

A. It is customary to call the first an Emphatic, the second a Reflective Pronoun. Self is a Noun in ‘He thinks much of self;' a Pronoun in 'He thinks of himself;' and an Adjective in That self mould,' which is used by Shakespeare for 'that same mould.' In the expression selfsame, it might be contended that self has an Adverbial force, and means exactly.

10. Q. In the English Prayer Book occurs this passage:-That we may daily endeavour ourselves to follow the blessed steps of His most holy life.' What case is ourselves?

A. Ourselves is not the Nominative Case of the (Emphatic) Pronoun, but the Objective Case, and Reflective. Endeavour is here a Transitive Verb, and endeavour ourselves to follow' is much the same as 'exercise ourselves in following,' or 'exert ourselves with a view to following.' This passage is frequently misunderstood, as evinced by the reader's laying the accent upon ourselves instead of upon endeavour.

II. Q. What are the two functions

of Relative Pronouns ?

For

A. The Relative Pronouns whe, which, that, have a twofold use(1) To limit and define the Antece dent. This may be called the restrictive use of the Relative. this purpose the Relative Pronoun that is more properly employed. (2) To introduce some additional statement or fact about the Antecedent. This may be called the Conjunctive use of the Relative. For this purpose who or which is most properly employed.

Note. This distinction between who, which, and that, is not admitted by all grammarians.

12. Q. Write a note upon whose in— 'I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word,' etc.

-Shakespeare.

A. This is correct English, but there is a growing tendency to substitute of which for whose, when the Antecedent is without life. 13. Q. What is there worthy of notice in the following sentence besides the two old forms of Nouns in the Nominative plural, and the orthography of repentance'? -'Good dysportes and honest gamys, in whom a man joyeth without any repentaunce after.' -Book of St. Alban's.

A. Whom (hwám) was originally of all genders, though it is now generally limited to persons. We should now write 'games in which.' 14. Q. Whether is derived from who

by means of the dual suffix -ther. What word in Latin is similarly formed?

A. Latin uter (once quuter?) from qui.

15. Q. Parse all the that's in the following:- 'My lords, that that I say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is not that that he should have proved to your lordships.'

4. Of the eight that's which occur in this curious quotation, the second, fifth, and last are Relative Pronouns; the first, fourth, sixth, and seventh are Demonstratives; and the third a Conjunction.

16. Q. 'Do not call what a Com

the German was (before which the Antecedent das is commonly omitted), and consider that as understood before what. In fact, that what was at one time a common expression, though it is one to which our ears are now quite unaccustomed. 17. Q. What Adverbs (originally derived from Pronouns) can, by being combined with a Preposition, be made to do duty for Relative Pronouns, though they are not to be classed as such?

A. Where-of of which, of what. Where - to to which, to what. Where-by=by which, by what. There-of of that.

18. Q. Are the terms Relative Pronoun and Antecedent perfectly accurate? Mention any objections that have been made to these terms by grammarians. A. (a) All Pronouns relate to some Noun (or Noun equivalent), and are therefore in some sense Relative Pronouns. (b) The socalled Antecedent sometimes follows the Relative, instead of going before it, e.g. To whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.' Perhaps a better term would be Correlative. 19. Q. Is Addison_right when he speaks of the Jack-Sprat that,' supplanting the ancient Relatives who and which?

A. No; for that is really the oldest Relative Pronoun that exists in English. It was used as a Relative at a much earlier period than who and which, which were originally Interrogatives.

20. Q. Give an illustration of (1) the Pronominal, (2) the Adjectival use of which.

A. Which do you prefer?' (Pronoun); Which way do you go? (Adjective).

21. Q. Explain and illustrate the statement, 'It is used sometimes as a mere expletive, and without reference to a particular thing.' A. The word is so used in such sentences as, 'Come, and trip it as you go;' 'Not lording it over God's heritage.'

22. Q. 'I'll tell you what;' 'He knows what's what.' How are such expressions to be explained?

A. What is here an Indefinite Pronoun meaning 'something.' The first expression is equivalent to 'I'll tell you something;' the second means 'He knows what a thing is.' Here the first what is Relative, the second Indefinite.

23. Q. Parse else in each of the following:-'What else is there in your letter?' Work hard! else you will lose the examination;' 'I have half a sovereign, and nothing else.'

A. In (1) else is an Indefinite Pronoun; in (2) a Conjunction, and means 'otherwise;' in (3) an Ad

verb='besides.'

24. Q. State what is remarkable in this construction:

'Him I accuse

By this, the city's ports hath enter'd.'

A. The Relative Pronoun is omitted, and the Antecedent attracted into the case which the Relative, were it present, would assume. In other words, him is for 'he whom.'

25. Q. What is the proper gram

matical force of a Relative Pronoun ?

A. Relative Pronouns, besides referring to an Antecedent, as Personal Pronouns do also, have besides a connective force, that is, they join a subordinate to a principal clause.

In the subordinate clause some further or additional statement imade respecting the Antecedent which is the subject or object of the principal clause, as, 'I have seen the professor, who has written so many books.' Here the subordinate clause, 'has written so many books, makes a further statement respecting the Antecedent 'the professor,' and the Relative who connects the two clauses.

26. Q. Correct or justify these sentences:- -(a) You will soon find such peace which it is not in the power of the world to give; (b) 'But with such words that are but rooted in your tongue.'

A. In modern English such would be followed by as. But in Early English such is frequently followed by which and that. Other examples are:- 'Avoid such games which require much time' (Jeremy Taylor), 'I shall loven (Infinitive) such that I will' (Chaucer).

27. Q. Distinguish between the uses of one in the following sentence :- One could scarcely believe that a man could walk that distance in one day.'

A. The first one is a Numeral Pronoun (used indefinitely in the sense of a man' or 'a person'); the second one, a Numeral Adjective. 28. Q. Can that be used instead of

who in every case?

A. No. If the Antecedent be a Proper Noun, or a Common Noun perfectly defined, its use is not proper, as, 'James, that lives over the way,' should be 'James who,' etc. Similarly, 'My son who comes to-morrow,' is correct, and not 'my son that,' etc. That is more properly a defining or restricting Relative, and should be used when our aim is

to define or restrict the meaning of the Noun or Antecedent.

29 Q. What part of speech is as

when it is preceded by such or the same?

A. Some grammarians parse as as an Adverb, others as a Relative Pronoun. The latter is perhaps the better opinion. Compare the Latin 'Hoc est idem quod illud,' 'This is the same as that;' 'Talis est qualis semper fuit,' 'He is such as he always has been.'

30. Q. Give the chief rules of Syntax which concern the use of Pro

nouns.

A. (1) Pronouns agree with the Nouns they represent or stand for in Gender, Number, and Person (exceptions). (2) The Case of the Pronoun is determined by its own relation in the sentence. Thusif it be the subject of the Predicate, it must be in the Nominative Case: if it be the object, or if it stand after a Preposition, it must be in the Objective Case. (3) The Relative Pronouns agree in Gender and Number with their Antecedent, but not in Case.

31. Q. Give the history of the forms, myself, thyself, himself, and show which of these forms is the more ancient.

A. The clearest account is given by Dr. Morris, as follows:-Self (A.S. silf) was at first declined as an Adjective along with the Personal Pronouns, thus - Nom. ic fa; Gen. min silfes; Dat. me fum; Acc. me silfne. But between the Nominative of the Personal Pronoun and the word silf, the Dative Case of the Personal Pronoun was inserted for emphasis, thes-Singular: ic me silf, I myself; thu the silf, thou thyself; he kim silf, he himself;-Plural: we

us silfe, we ourselves; ye cow silfe, you yourselves; hi him silfe, they themselves. Now comes the change (in the 13th century) when the Possessive Pronoun replaces the Dative, and I mi self, thu thi self, are written instead of I me self and thu the self. Himself retained its former spelling unaltered. Self has thus come to be considered, at least in the First and Second Persons, a Noun, and not an Adjective. When self was fully established as a Noun, it dropped its old plural in e and took an s, as in ourselves, etc. This really seems to be the history of this rather perplexing point of grammar. It still leaves the language open to the charge of inconsistency. All that we can do is to show the series of changes by which the present result has been effected. 32. Q. Give some account of the Pro

nouns in "Chill pick your teeth,'

'the tother,' 'bounce would a say,' him leofre was' (A.S.). A. 'Chill is for Ich will, ich being an older form of 'I.' The tone and the tother were expressions which had sprung from the fusion of that one and that other. Ha or 'a, for he (and also for she, it, they), is found in Shakespeare, e.g. Quoth a' = 'said he.' Him leofre was meant they would rather.' Hie is the Dative plural, and leofre the Comparative degree of leof, dear,' 'beloved.' Lat. Iis gratius fuit. 33. Q. What part of speech is any

in (a) 'Have you any objection?' (b) No, I have not any?' (c) 'Is he any better to-day?' A. In the first sentence any is an Adjective; in the second, an Indefinite Pronoun; in the third, it has the force of an Adverb, and may be so classified.

34. Q. Write out in Modern Eng