round and rotundus, treason and tradition. See also the derivation of chance (cadentia), chain (catena), defy (diffidare), obey (obedire), recreant (re-credentem).

4. Initial becomes ch, as in chief, chance, chandler, chant, change, etc.

5. The consonantal force of I disappears, as in couch from collocare, beauty from bellitas, etc.

6. b or becomes v or f, as in chief (caput), ravin (rapio), river (riparius), cover (co-operire), van (ab-ante). 7. di before a vowel becomes soft g or ch or j, as in siege (assedium), journey (diurnata), preach (prædicare), Jane (Diana).

8. ti undergoes a similar change, as in voyage (viaticum), age (ætaticum).

9. bi, pi, vi before a vowel becomes ge or dge, as in abridge (abbreviare), change (cambiare), plunge (plumbicare), rage (rabies), deluge (diluvium), assuage (ad-suavis), sage (sapio).

10. Besides the loss of letters, there are instances in which new letters are added or intrude. d and t make their appearance after n, e.g. Lat. gener becomes gender,' antianus has become ancient, tyrannum has become tyrant (French genre, ancien, tyran).

II. 1, n, and are inserted. The French syllabe has become syllable; passager, messager have become passenger, messenger; caporal has become corporal.

12. g intrudes before n and t. Thus the French words forain, souverain, imprenable (from Lat. foraneus, superanus, imprendibilis) have become foreign, sovereign, im pregnable.

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ELEMENTS IN

ENGLISH.

In the 16th century, Spain possessed vast dominions in the New World. Many Spanish words were introduced into English from contact with the Spaniards in America, and from the close connection with, and antagonism against, Spain in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth.

V. Spanish.

molasses (molasses).
mosquito (mosca, fly. Lat. musca).
mulatto (mulato, offspring of white
and black parents. Cp. mule).
negro (Lat. niger, black).
octoroon (octoroon).

olio (ola, a dish of different kinds of
vegetables and meat. Lat. ola,
a pot).

pamperos (pampa, a plant).
pamphlet (papelete, a note, or from
Lat. Pampilla, a female historian
of the first century, who wrote
numerous epitomes).
parasol (parasol, French also).
peccadillo (dim. of pecado, a sin).

Many Spanish words end in -ado, -ade, -dor, illo, -oon. The following Nouns also come from Spanish through the medium of French :-Ambuscade, barricade, brigade, cannonade, cascade, cavalcade, comrade, esplanade, fusilade, lemonade, marmalade, palisade, parade, promenade, rodomontade, serenade, tirade.

We have previously stated that 'The Revival of Learning' originated in Italy. Naturally, therefore, the study of its

language and literature became very popular among English

scholars and courtiers.

'During the reigns of Henry VIII., Mary, and Elizabeth, Italian was as necessary and familiar to every courtier as French is at the present time. Numerous Italian works were translated into English, and Italian peculiarities of speech were copied by English speakers and writers who wished to be thought in fashion. The writings of Surrey, Wyatt, Spenser, and Milton show an intimate acquaintance with the language and literature of Italy.'-Dr. Morris.

'Nor may we overlook the Italian words that are now gradually winning their way into the list of English substantives. They are almost all directly or indirectly derived from the artistic terminology of Italian poetry, or music, or painting, or architecture.'-Earle.

Accordingly, we may ascribe the presence of Italian words in 'Our Mother Tongue' to

1. The Revival of Learning originating in Italy.

2. Our poets, from Chaucer (who imitated Boccaccio) to Milton (who imitated Dante), copying either Italian writers or their themes.

3. The scholarship of our English sovereigns, Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I.

4. The maritime power and commercial importance of Venice and Genoa.

5. The excellence of Italian art and manufactures.

alarm (all' arme, to arms !).

alert (all' erta, from erectus, raised
up).
alto.

ambassador (from Gothic andbahts,
servants).

avast (Italian basta, enough; bal-
uster, vulgarly banister).
bagatelle (bagatella, a trifle).
balcony (balco, projecting corner of
a house).

baldacchino, a canopy, originally
hung with fine stuffs from Babylon
(Baaldak).

ball (ballare, to dance).

ballad (ballare, to dance).

balloon (augmentative from balla,
ball. Cp. saloon from sala).
balustrade (balaustro, a small pillar;
from its resemblance to the flower
of the wild pomegranate, balausto).
bandit (under a ban).
bankrupt (banco, a money-changer's
bench; rotto, Lat. ruptus, broken.
When a banker failed his bench
at the public bourse was broken).
banquet (dim. of banco, bench).
biretta (dim. of birrus), a square
cap worn by the Roman Catholic
clergy.

stone carved in relief). campanile a bell tower. cannon (cannone, a large pipe. Lat. canna, a reed).

cantata a poem set to music for the voice.

canteen (cantina, wine-vault). canto (cantare, to sing).

caprice (capra, goat. 'A movement of the mind as unaccountable as the springs of a goat.'Trench).

captain (capitano, head-man. caput, head).

Lat.

caricature (an exaggeration; cari

care, to load).

carnival (carnovale.

Mid.

Lat.

citadel (citadella, dim. of citta,
city).
cognoscenti = persons possessing
taste respecting works of art.
colonel (colonello, a little column
or company). Now pronounced
curnel.

colonnade(colonnata). A 'columned'
building or range of columns.
companion (compagno, originally a
messmate. From Lat. panis,
bread).

comrade (camerata.

Properly a bed fellow. Lat. camera, a chamber).

concert (from Lat. consero, to weave together).

contralto. The part against, i.e. next to, the high voice, i.e. the treble.

conversazione.

cornice (Gk. koronis, wreath. Lat.
corona, crown).

cosset (casiccio, a pet lamb).
cupola (dim. of Low Lat. cupa,
cup).

curvet (curvare, to bow).

dilettante (dilettare, to delight). ditto (detto, said, aforesaid. Lat dictum).

carnis levamen, solace of the doge (doge, captain. Lat. dux).

flesh).

cartel (cartella, paste-board).
cartoon (cartone, thick paper or
paste-board).

cascade (cascata, from cascare, to
fall).

casemate (casa, house; matto, foolish, dummy.' 'Hence the sense is dummy-chamber, or dark chamber.'-Skeat).

casino (casino, summer-house; dim. of casa, house).

catafalque (catafalco, a structure of carpentry).

cavalcade (cavallo, horse. Lat. caballus).

charlatan (ciarlare, to chatter).

domino (Lat. dominus. 'Originally a dress worn by a master.' -Skeat).

extravaganza.

farrago mixed food for cattle any
medley.
fiasco (a failure).
finale=end.

folio, port-folio (foglio, a leaf of
paper).

forte loud, strong.
fresco (a painting executed on wet
or fresh plaster).

gabion (aug. of gabbia, cage. Lat.
cavea).

gala, gallant (gala, ornament). garnet (granato, pomegranate. So