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ledge of astronomy, have published the following report:

"That the condition of the books and instruments is very satisfactory, the Professor having marked and registered them, so as effectually to secure the property of the University. The transit telescope and clock, which are the only capital instruments at present erected, are highly approved of by the Professor. The mural circle, in the hands of Mr. Troughton, is in a forward state, its completion being solely delayed by the difficulty of procuring proper materials for the object-glass. The equatorial is in progress. Several valuable instruments, including an excellent fortysix inch achromatic telescope by Dollond, with a triple object-glass, were purchased at the sale of Professor Woodhouse's effects on terms highly advantageous to the University.

"The whole time of Professor Airy has been devoted to the duties of the Observatory, except those portions occupied by the Plumian lectures, and by a scientific expedition to Cornwall, to which he was pledged previously to his appointment.

"A volume has already been published containing observations made in 1828, with the results deducible from them, which are of the highest value. An attentive examination of this volume can alone give an adequate idea of the labour and skill bestowed upon it. The instrumental errors have been measured by independent methods, and each observation reduced to the true meridian. In the standard catalogue of some of the principal stars, Polaris for instance, the Professor conceives that he has discovered errors. The right ascensions of several smaller stars have been determined, but the want of assistance has greatly limited this class of observations.

"Numerous observations of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, have been reduced and compared with the calculated places given in the Nautical Almanack, and in Schumacher's Auxiliary Tables. The differences are exceedingly minute, a proof of what has hitherto been doubted, that the motions of the brighter planets are known with sufficient accuracy for determining the longitude at sea.

"The Syndicate wish to express their sense of the great industry and judgment shown by the Professor in the discharge of his duties, and their conviction that the Cambridge Observatory is likely to fulfil the highest expectations of those who interested themselves in its establishment."

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DEGREES CONFERRED.

BACHELORS IN DIVINITY.

Rev.E.Duncan Rhodes, Fell. of Sidney Coll.
Rev. Edward Boteler, Fell. of Sidney Coll.
Rev.Charles Smith, Fell. of St. Peter's Coll.
Rev. T. Hartwell Horne, St. John's Coll.
Rev. George Hull Bowers, Clare Hall
Rev. William Thomas, Jesus Coll. (Comp.)
Rev. Thomas Jones, St. John's Coll.

HONORARY MASTERS OF AKTS.

Lord Wriothesley Russell, Trinity Coll.
son of the Duke of Bedford
Lord Norreys, Trinity Coll. son of the
Earl of Abingdon

MASTERS OF ARTS.
Rev. J. Gautier Milne, St. Peter's Coll.
Rev. Edward Murray, Trinity Coll.
Francis Ford Pinder, Trinity Coll.
Frederick Osborne, Trinity Hall.
Rev. John Phillips, Sidney Coll.
Rev. S. Bagnall, Downing Coll. (Gr.Comp.)
Rev. W. Metcalfe, Fell. of St. John's Coll.
J. A. D. Meakin, St. John's Coll.
Rev.C.W.Hughes, Corp. Chr. Coll. (Comp.)
Rev. William Powley, Jesus Coll. (Comp.)
Rev. Abraham T. R. Vicary, Jesus Coll.

LICENTIATES IN PHYSIC.

William J. Bayne, Fell. of Trinity Coll.
Nicholas F. Davison, Caius Coll.

BACHELORS IN CIVIL LAW.

Rev. R. M'Donald Caunter, Sid. Suss. Coll.
Richard Cargill, Catharine Hall.
Frederic Trotter, Christ's Coll.

BACHELORS IN PHYSIC.

Alexander L. Wollaston, Caius Coll.
James F. Bernard, Corpus Christi Coll.
Francis Ker Fox, St. John's Coll.
Alexander Murray, St. John's Coll.
Algernon Frampton, St. John's Coll.
Thomas Briggs, Caius Coll.
Frederick Johnstone, Jesus Coll.
BACHELORS OF ARTS.

John Wolvey Astley, King's Coll.
Charles Luxmore, King's Coll.
Thomas Phillpotts, King's Coll.
Charles Waymouth, Trinity Coll.
Henry Bowyer, Trinity Coll.
Francis Rodd, Trinity Coll.
Charles Bigsby, Trinity Coll.
George Gordon, Caius Coll.

James Richard Holden, Christ's Coll.
John Gwalter Palaint, Christ's Coll.
William Whitear, St. John's Coll.
Frederick Elwes, Pembroke Coll.
James Abbott, Queen's Coll.
George Kember, Queen's Coll.
Henry William Stuart, Queen's Coll.
Thomas Brand, Magd. Coll.

The Rev. Samuel Smith, M. A. of Christ Church, Oxford, has been admitted ad eundem of this University.

NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.

"C. J." has our thanks. His prose communication shall be inserted. We repeat our acknowledgments to "A Churchman."

Our Oxford University Intelligence is postponed for want of room.

THE

CHRISTIAN

REMEMBRANCER.

AUGUST, 1829.

REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

ART. I.-The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans; with an Introduction, Paraphrase, and Notes. By C. H. TERROT, A.M. late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. - Hatchard and Son, London; Black, Edinburgh. 8vo. 1828. Price 9s. Pp. 312.

THOSE who are acquainted with the necessary arrangements of periodical criticisms, need not to be told that it is not always possible to notice books exactly in the order of their excellence, or indeed in any constituted order whatever, especially where a critical department is so confined as ours. In fact, the excellence of a work is often a reason for delaying a review of it.

Χρόνος δίκαιον ἄνδρα δείκνυσιν μόνος
Κακὸν δὲ κἂν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ γνοίης μία

Merit is often retiring; error and failure are generally palpable. A work like that before us, when well executed, requires close inspection and accurate study, in order to appreciate its merits, and enable the reviewer to do justice to his author. This must be our apology to Mr. Terrot for delaying a notice as agreeable to ourselves as we hope it will be satisfactory to him.

In a former article* we have observed, "there are only two senses in which a translation of St. Paul can be said to be good: either where it adheres, like the authenticated version, to the strict grammatical meaning of the words, or, where it endeavours to approach the sense by deserting the verbal construction." In the first of these respects we do not say our version could not be improved by revision; but we take leave to repeat, as a version, it cannot be surpassed." A new literal version, made independently of it, will never equal it. We confess, therefore, that we do not feel strongly predisposed to

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favour private literal versions of Scripture: and much less literal versions of St. Paul, which are only excusable under the peculiar circumstances of national translators. Paraphrastic versions, however, challenge attention; they are often the best translations; always, if good, the best interpretations.

Mr. Terrot has taken up this position, and most ably maintained it. His paraphrase is lucid, concise, and elegant: nor do we remember to have perused any work on this profound and important portion of Scripture more clearly illustrative of its force and bearing. The arguments of the Apostle, and the objects to which they are directed, are placed in the broad daylight of philological and historical examination. Mr. Terrot is evidently no Calvinist, but he has taken no pains to extricate St. Paul's language from Calvinistic perversion. The closest observation (so far as we can speak for ourselves) can detect nothing on those points which is not fully borne out by the text. And even where, on a superficial review, we might be inclined to suspect a little accommodation to hypothesis, a nearer examination has convinced us that our author has not spoken without book. His coolness and accuracy, qualities always rare, here of the most indispensable value, are above all commendation. Though eminently qualified, by talent and learning, to stand forward as an independent authority, with the modesty and just humility of a scholar and a Christian, he disregards the practice of "this enlightened age," and draws largely on the stock of other illustrious theological critics, always, however, indicating the sources whence his foreign matter is derived and, in so doing, he communicates new light to his borrowed authorities; or, if he dissents, assigns his reasons with a humble and scholarlike moderation.

That awful text of St. Peter, no less prophetic than historical, which asserts that the unlearned and unstable wrest the writings of St. Paul to their own destruction, has never been regarded with an attention at all proportionate to the weight of its significance. It might have been supposed that Christians, in perusing these valuable portions of Scripture, would never have suffered this text to escape their continual observation, and would have prayed and struggled with the utmost fervour and earnestness against unlearnedness and instability. But the disregard of this most important text, the disparagements of human learning, the self-conceited and mistaken views of private judgment, which have brought upon that noble and Christian doctrine the invective of Papists, and error without end upon the "unlearned and unstable," have never been so strongly exemplified as in the interpretation of the Epistle to the Romans. The "unlearned and unstable," those who have combined both characters, or sustained either, have elicited from this epistle that the

God of mercies is a stern and arbitrary tyrant; that his moral creation is a piece of mechanism, and that right and wrong, if they have any existence at all, have, at least, no influence on man's future doom. Now if a right understanding of the Epistle to the Romans be important for the private Christian, most especially is it so to those who are appointed "stewards of the mysteries of God." That they should not, under that venerable appellation, dispense the figments of unlearned or unstable men, is even of the very first importance. Yet the thorough study of that profoundly argumentative piece of Scripture requires the assemblage of various critical labours and historical illustrations, scattered through many volumes, and demanding time, labour, and discrimination, to be well examined and comprehended. Mr. Terrot has collected these into one clear and judicious view: and though it would be too much to say he has never been mistaken, yet such is his general research and critical ability, that we cannot differ from him without distrust and deference.

Mr. Terrot considers the great leading doctrine of the Epistle to the Romans, and that, indeed, on the right understanding of which its whole interpretation depends, to be JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH, On the misapprehension of this, as he conceives, all erroneous expositions have been founded. Not that he offers, or pretends to offer, any new statement of that doctrine. Mr. Terrot is too good a scholar to patronise novelties in divinity. On the contrary, he is fully sensible that the nearer he approaches the model of the primitive creed, the nearer his interpretation must approach the truth. He has drawn on the critical wealth of our own Whitby, Doddridge, Macknight, Taylor, Pearson, Bull and Paley and on that of the German Semler, Koppe, Ammon, Knappe, Schleusner, Noesselt, Rosenmüller,

and Morus.

:

As a useful apparatus towards a fair examination of the Epistle, are prefixed, I. A Chronological Table of the Acts of St. Paul, abridged from Bishop

Pearson's Annales Paulini.

II. A Brief Exposition of the occasion, date, and genuineness of the Epistle. III. An Analysis of its Contents.

IV. A Critical Inquiry into the meaning of certain Theological Terms, frequently used by the Apostle Paul in this and in his other Epistles.

V. Å List of all the Passages of the Old Testament, quoted in the Epistle to the Romans.-P. 2.

Under the fourth head, Mr. Terrot investigates the import of the terms, 1. δικαιόω and δικαιοσύνη, which he determines critically to be forensic expressions, signifying " to acquit" and "acquittal." Hence it follows that God's acquittal of sinners is not the same as pardon, which is an act of mercy: it is an act of JUSTICE; and as it could never be such an act in reference to the sinner only, it must be so in reference to some extraneous satisfaction. We do not exactly

understand Mr. Terrot's distinction between the death and the resurrection of Christ, which last only he considers as this external cause ;* and it appears to us that he has too closely pressed the words of the Apostle (Rom. iv. 25) in drawing this distinction. 2. The author examines the meaning of the term ioris. He contends that this expression has really the same signification in St. Paul and St. James; that it does not, in the former, comprise obedience, but that it is regarded as the principle on which obedience is to be exercised. On this point our author shall speak for himself.

If rioris actually contains obedience as part of its meaning, then we must seek for another meaning of the term, as used in the writings of St. James, where it evidently does not include obedience; and in 1 Cor. xiii. 2, where St. Paul himself speaks of faith as a thing totally distinct from charity, and totally unavailing without it. To say that belief of the gospel means obedience to it, is surely a harsh and unnatural definition; but to say that the proposition we are justified by faith, means not that we are justified by the mere possession of belief, but by the proper action of that belief in our heart and conduct, is quite consistent with the ordinary usage of language. Nothing is more common than to speak of a man's being saved by his skill, his presence of mind, his courage; when we really mean, not that the man was saved by the mere possession of these qualities, but by the line of conduct which they enabled him to pursue. Since then it is clear that the proper action of faith, is such a use of the means of grace as will enable us "to perfect holiness in the fear of God;" since it is clear from St. James, that faith alone does not justify, (Jas. ii. 14.) and from St. Paul, (1 Cor. xiii. 2) that without charity it is unprofitable; we must I think conclude, that faith, or a belief of the truths of the gospel, justifies not by its existence, but by its action.-Pp. 33, 34.

3. The expressions νόμος and ἔργα τοῦ νόμου, come under our author's consideration. These he limits to the requirements of the Mosaic law, ceremonial and moral. 4. Next he considers the term oap, which he renders "the animal propensities, and more generally, the natural state and powers of the human mind as enslaved by these propensities." 5. and lastly, he examines the term λoyilouat, which he calls 66 a commercial term," signifying, "to put any thing to account, whether on the debtor or creditor side."+ "BUT NEVER," says Mr. T. "IS IT USED IN THE CALVINISTIC SENSE, OF AN IMPUTATION of a good or BAD QUALITY OR Act of one INDIVIDUAL TO ANOTHER."‡ From this general view of the cardinal terms and phrases of the Epistle, our readers will be able to form some notion of Mr. Terrot's system. The arguments by which his interpretations are supported, do not admit of abridgment. From these we will now advance to offer a few observations on peculiar passages.

On chap. V. ver. 15, Mr. Terrot remarks:

It appears from this verse, and still more plainly from verse 17, that eternal misery formed no part of the penalty of the fall upon Adam's posterity, since in

He appears to contradict this theory, chap. iii. Note 36.
+ P. 49.
Ibid.

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