them about a fortnight ago, is now erected at Button's Coffee-house, in Russell-street, Covent Garden, where it opens its mouth at all hours for the reception of such intelligence as shall be thrown into it. It is reckoned an excellent piece of workmanship, and was designed by a great hand [i.e. Hogarth] in imitation of the antique Egyptian lion, the face of it being compounded out of that of a lion and a wizard. The features are strong and well furrowed. The whiskers are admired by all that have seen them. It is planted on the western side of the Coffee-house, holding its paws under the chin, upon a box, which contains everything that he swallows." The figure of the head is reproduced in Thornbury and Wolford's London, III, 277; Timbs, Club Life of London (ed. London, Bentley, 1866), vol. II, opposite p. 1; and in Ashton's Social Life during the Reign of Queen Anne, I, 222. The subsequent history of the Lion's Head is discussed in Charles Richardson's Notes and Extracts Relating to the Lion's Head, London, 1728.

THE FREEHOLDER

242 Motto: Velleius Paterculus, Hist. Rom., ii, 73, 1: “Rude of Education, barbarous of Speech, vehement in Opposition, quick of Hand, and rash of Thought."

"Addison's periodical, the Freeholder, was essentially a political paper, written on behalf of the Hanoverian dynasty. The first number appeared on the 23rd December, and it was published twice a week for six months. ... The Freeholder contains excellent arguments, and a great deal of humour in Addison's best style, including the character of the immortal Tory Fox-hunter. But some of the discourses are of rather an academic nature, and there are so many references and appeals to the fair sex, that we can understand how Steele might think, as it is reported that he said, that the Government had made choice of a flute when they ought to have taken a trumpet." (Aitken's Steele, II, 81-82.)

243 10 One of the Rump: The "Long Parliament," which met November 3, 1640, was cleared ("Pride's Purge") in 1648 of those members who favored compromise with, Charles I and his supporters. The members remaining constituted the so-called "Rump Parliament.” 243 14-15 Taking off the duties upon French claret: 9 Anne, c. 9, "An Act to repeal the Act of the third and fourth year of her Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act for prohibiting all Trade and Commerce with France, so far as it relates to the prohibiting the Importation of French Wines."

243 18-19 Act for preserving the game: 4-5 William and Mary, c. 23, "An Act for the more easy Discovery and Conviction of such as shall destroy the Game of this Kingdom."

244 18 Ride the great horse: affect an air of superiority: see Oxford Dictionary under Horse, III, 21–22.

246 4 Our wooden walls: The story is that at the time of the second Persian invasion the oracle at Delphi told the Greeks that their only refuge should be the "wooden walls.” Themistocles interpreted these to mean the ships. Most of the Greeks therefore took to the ships and defeated the Persians at the battle of Salamis. But some, interpreting the oracle literally, built palisades on the Acropolis and were destroyed. (Herodotus, viii.)

246 16 Sneaker: a punch bowl.

246 20 All foreigners: Addison had made much of this idea in Spect. 69.

247 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 285–294:

Of various Forms unnumber'd Spectres more,
Centaurs, and double Shapes, besiege the Door:
Before the Passage horrid Hydra stands,
Briareus with all his hundred Hands:
Gorgons, Geryon with his triple Frame:
And vain Chimæra vomits empty Flame.

The Chief unsheath'd his shining Steel, prepar'd,
Tho' seiz'd with sudden Fear, to force the Guard,
Off'ring his brandish'd Weapon at their Face;
Had not the Sibyl stop'd his eager Pace,

And told him what those empty Fantoms were;

Forms without Bodies, and impassive Air.

247 7 Rosamond's pond: in the southwest corner of St. James's Park. It was filled up in 1770.

248 3 One of the rebels: one concerned in Mar's Rising, 1715-1716, for a good short account of which see Gardiner, Student's History of England, pp. 705-706.

2487 A running footman, etc.: These of course are people of fashion returning in costume from a masquerade. The Spectator (see Nos. 8, 14, 22, 158) takes many occasions to ridicule masquerades, which in Addison's time and later were notoriously disreputable: see Fielding's The Masquerade, Inscribed to C-t H-d-g-r, 1728; Heidegger in Dict. Nat. Biog.; Tatler 18; Hogarth's "Large Masquerade Ticket"; and the two chapters "Of Masquerades" in the second volume of The Humourist, 1725.

249 8 Somerset-house: in the Strand. It is mentioned in Spect. 77. For a considerable account of it, see Wheatley and Cunningham's London, III, 268 ff. Strype (1720) has a large plate of it (vol. II, bk. 4, opposite p. 105).

249 11 Mob: In Addison's time the word mob, originally mobile vulgus, then mobile, then mob, was so new as hardly to be in good use. In Spect. 135, Addison says: "It is perhaps this Humour of speaking no more than we needs must, which has so miserably curtailed some of our Words, that in familiar Writings and Conversations they often lose all but their first Syllables, as in mob. rep. pos. incog. and the like; and as all ridiculous Words make their first Entry into a Language by familiar Phrases, I dare not answer for these that they will not in time be looked upon as a part of our Tongue." Compare Tatler 230 by Swift, who is probably the person alluded to in the essay just quoted from as "one of the greatest Geniuses," etc.; and see also Swift's Polite Conversations, I and Introd. North's Examen (ed. 1740, p. 574) tells us that "the rabble first changed their title and were called 'the mobile' in the assemblies of this [i.e. The Green Ribbon] Club [about 1680]. It was their beast of burden, and called first mobile vulgus, but fell gradually into the contraction of one syllable, and ever since is become proper English." Note, however, that mobile appears in Shadwell's Libertine (1676). In a note on Dryden's Preface to Cleomenes, 1690, Malone says (Dryden's Miscellaneous Works, II, 185): “The word mobile... was first introduced into our language about this time [i.e. about 1690], and was soon abbreviated into mob. T. Brown, in 1690, uses both the Latin word at length and the abbreviation; and in the Preface to Cleomenes, two years after, our author [i.e. Dryden] uses mob with a kind of apology, as they call it.'" Mob appears in Shadwell's Squire of Alsatia (1689); mobile is in Swift's Tale of a Tub (1704).

Roughly speaking, mobile vulgus was in use as late as 1602; mobile from about 1676 until at least 1704; our present word mob occurs as early as 1689.

66

249 30-31 Their . . . convents in Drury-lane: Grose's Glossary defines "Drury-lane vestal" as a jocular appellation for a lady of pleasure of the lower sort; many of whom reside in that neighbourhood.”

.250 2 Holder-forth: preacher. The modern connotation of the word, which implies that the discourse is too long, too violent, or in some other way objectionable, seems not to have been the original implication, for Hearne writes (Reliquiæ Hearnianæ, ed. Bliss, I, 94): "The non-conformists took up the word hold-forth in the year 1642, which was never known before."

251 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 102: "At length his Fury fell, his Foaming ceas'd."

251 14-15 King Charles I. on horseback, at Charing-Cross: erected in 1674. See Waller's poem "On the Statue of King Charles I, at Charing-Cross, in the year 1674."

...

251 18 ff. New Church . . . in the Strand note (p. 206, 1. 17) on Spect. 383.

...

fifty more see the

251 28 Screw-plot: The rumor was that by removing a number of the screws and bolts from the roof of St. Paul's the enemies of the government intended to bring the whole affair about the heads of the Queen and Court on the occasion of a meeting there for public thanksgiving, probably that on August 19, 1708, to commemorate the victory of Oudenarde. In the ballad "Plot upon Plot" (quoted in Scott's Swift, 2d ed., III, 70-71) the second stanza runs :

Some of your Matchivillian crew
From heavy roof of Paul,
Most trait'rously stole ev'ry screw,
To make that fabric fall:
And so to catch her Majesty,

And all her friends beguile;

As birds are trapt by boys most sly,

In pitfalls with a tile.

Wilkins, Political Ballads, 1860, II, 121.

251 29-30 City-sword: the sword bearer to the Lord Mayor. 252 4 The Lions: Until 1834, when it was removed to Regents' Park, the Tower Menagerie was one of the sights of London. Indeed the use of "lion" in the sense of a social attraction, a person or spectacle important or considered desirable to be known or seen, probably derived from this source. It was a popular belief that the lions, who were named from English kings, sickened and died upon the death of their namesakes.

252 6-7 Taking of Perth; flight of the Pretender: Early in the rebellion of 1715 the Earl of Mar seized Perth. Upon the approach of the Duke of Argyle, however, the Pretender — James Francis Edward, younger brother of Anne - abandoned Scotland (5 Feb., 1716) and returned to France.

252 12 ff. The Monument . . an English inscription upon the basis: In Monument Yard, Fish Street Hill, built to commemorate the Great Fire of 1666. The number of steps, which the Tory Fox Hunter was so particular to register, is 345. The inscription as given in Wheatley and Cunningham's London (II, 558) reads: "THIS PILLAR WAS SET VP IN

:

PERPETVALL REMEMBRANCE OF THAT MOST DREADFVL BURNING OF THIS PROTESTANT CITY, BEGUN AND CARRYED ON BY YE TREACHERY AND MALICE OF YE POPISH FACTIO, IN YE BEGINNING OF SEPTEM. IN YE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1666, IN ORDER TO YE CARRYING ON THEIR HORRID PLOTT FOR EXTIRPATING THE PROTESTANT RELIGION AND OLD ENGLISH LIBERTY, AND THE INTRODUCING POPERY AND SLAVERY." These offensive paragraphs" (Wheatley and Cunningham, ibid.) "formed no part of the original inscription, but were added in 1681 by order of the Court of Aldermen, when Titus Oates and his plot had filled the City with a fear and horror of the Papists. They were obliterated in the reign of James II, recut deeper than before in the reign of William III, and finally erased (by an Act of Common Council), January 26, 1831." Hogarth's sixth plate (" The Industrious Prentice out of his time and Married to his Master's Daughter ") in the series 'Industry and Idleness" introduces in the background enough of the monument to show a portion of this inscription.

66

252 13 Well-breathed: of good wind.

252 33 Basis: Of the examples given in the Oxford Dictionary of this use of basis for base, the latest, with the exception of one case in Carlyle's French Revolution (1837), is in Pope's Homer, 1718.

253 23 Stocks Market: in Walbrook Ward, on the site of the present Mansion House. Before the Great Fire of 1666, the Stocks Market was principally for the sale of fish and meat; when rebuilt, says Strype, "instead of Flesh and Fish sold there before the Fire, are now sold Fruits, Roots and Herbs; for which it is very considerable and much resorted unto, being of note for having the choicest in their kind of all sorts, surpassing all other markets in London." Strype (1720), bk. ii, p. 199.

mews.

253 23 The Meuse: "so called," says Stowe, "of the king's falcons there kept." In falconry, hawks are said to mew (from mutare) when they change their feathers, during which time they are confined in "But in the year of Christ 1534," Stowe goes on, "the king having fair stabling at Lomsbery. . ., the same was fired and burnt, . . . after which time, the forenamed house called the Mewse, by Charing Cross, was new built and prepared for stabling of the king's horses ..., and so remaineth to that use." Rebuilt in 1732, the Mews was finally

taken down in 1830.

-a

253 33-34 Had . . . the wall given them: To "give the wall" was to permit one to pass next the wall, that is, farthest from the street, courtesy of some significance in the days of narrow, muddy streets without sidewalks. Cf. the opening scene of Romeo and Juliet.