with a higher, and the other with a lower exponent than any of the other partial products, and therefore can not be similar to any of them. Hence the product of two polynomials can never contain less than two terms.

65. For many purposes it is sufficient merely to indicate the multiplication of two polynomials, without actually performing the multiplication. This is effected by inclosing the polynomials in parentheses, and writing them in succession, with or without the sign ×. When the indicated multiplication has been actually performed, the expression is said to be expanded.

EXAMPLES.

1. Expand (a+b) (c+d). 2. Expand 9a-7(b—c). 3. Expand and reduce

Ans. ac+be+ad+bd.

14(12-a-b-c)+13 (4+a-c)-15(7—a—c).

4. Expand and reduce

28(a−b+c)+24(a+b−c)—13(b—a—c).

5. Expand and reduce

24a−6b−9(a+b)+25a—19 (b−c)—17(a+b−c).

6. Expand and reduce

53 (a−b+c)—27(a+b−c)—26 (a—b—c).

66. The three following theorems have very important applications.

The square of the sum of two numbers is equal to the square of the first, plus twice the product of the first by the second, plus the square of the second.

Hence, if we wish to obtain the square of a binomial, we can, according to this theorem, write out at once the terms

of the result, without the necessity of performing an actual

67. The square of the difference of two numbers is equal to the square of the first, minus twice the product of the first by the second, plus the square of the second.

we may write both formulas in the following abbreviated form,

(a±b)2=a2±2ab+b2;

which indicates that, if we use the + sign of b in the root, we must use the + sign of 2ab in the square; but if we use the

sign of b in the root, we must use the sign of 2ab in the square. By this notation we are enabled to express two distinct theorems by one formula.

69. The product of the sum and difference of two numbers is

equal to the difference of their squares.

The pupil should be drilled upon examples like the preceding until he can produce the results mentally with as great. facility as he could read them if exhibited upon paper, and without committing the common mistake of making the square of a+b equal to a2+b2, or the square of a-b equal to a2—b2. The utility of these theorems will be the more apparent when they are applied to very complicated expressions. Frequent examples of their application will be seen hereafter.

CHAPTER V.

DIVISION.

70. Division is the converse of multiplication. In multiplication we determine the product arising from two given factors. In division we have the product and one of the factors given, and we are required to determine the other factor.

The dividend is the product of the divisor and quotient, the divisor is the given factor, and the quotient is the factor required to be found.

When the divisor and dividend are both monomials.

71. Since the product of the numbers denoted by a and b is denoted by ab, the quotient of ab divided by a is b; that is, ab÷a=b. Similarly, we have abc÷a=bc, abc÷c=ab, abc÷ab =c, etc. The division is more commonly denoted thus:

So, also, 12mn divided by 3m gives 4n; for 3m multiplied by 4n makes 12mn.

72. Rule of Exponents in Division.-Suppose we have a to be divided by a2. We must find a quantity which, multiplied by a2, will produce a5. We perceive that a3 is such a quantity; for, according to Art. 58, in order to multiply a by a2, we add the exponents 2 and 3, making 5; that is, the exponent 3 of the quotient is found by subtracting 2, the exponent of the divisor, from 5, the exponent of the dividend.

Hence, in order to divide one power of any quantity by another power of the same quantity, subtract the exponent of the divisor from the exponent of the dividend.

73. Proper Sign of the Quotient.-The proper sign to be prefixed to a quotient may be deduced from the principles already established for multiplication. The product of the divisor and quotient must be equal to the dividend. Hence,

Hence, if the dividend and divisor have like signs, the quotient will be positive; but if they have unlike signs, the quotient will be negative.

74. Hence, for dividing one monomial by another, we have the following

RULE.

1. Divide the coefficient of the dividend by the coefficient of the divisor, for a new coefficient.

2. To this result annex all the letters of the dividend, giving to each an exponent equal to the excess of its exponent in the dividend above that in the divisor.

3. If the dividend and divisor have like signs, prefix the plus sign to the quotient; but if they have unlike signs, prefix the minus sign.