ty yards long, and about four broad; but the smaller and softer hills in the vicinity have been bored to a much greater extent. Such, and various other methods, more or less laborious, are now necessarily resorted to by the miners of Villa Rica. But when this place was first discovered by the gold searchers, it is said that they had merely to pull up the tufts of grass from the side of the hills, and to shake the precious dust from the roots. The inhabitants spin and weave wool, worsted, and cotton; but their manufactures are purely domestic. The town is of some importance in a commercial point of view, as it now divides the trade to Goyaz. and Cuyaba, with St. John D'El Rey. St. Bartholomew, in the neighbourhood, is famed for its sweetmeats, and sends a large quantity of marmalade to Rio de Janeiro.

"From the steepness of the streets in this town, wheel-carriages would be almost as useless there as in Venice. As a substitute for them, a large vehicle, like a sedan chair, is used, and carried by mules instead of men; the workmanship of it is very clumsy, and the harness far inferior to ours. But an English saddle having found its way thither, the harness-maker, much to his credit, borrowed it, took it to pieces, and put it together again, in such a manner that the owner did not perceive any alteration. The man had the ingenuity to imitate what he had thus examined; and I saw a saddle-tree made by him which came little short of his model."

"The temperature of Villa Rica, and its neighbourhood, is low; in the morning, during my stay, the thermometer varied little from 60°; at noon it was generally 640 or 650 in the shade. There is a considerable degree of moisture in the climate; the mornings were in common foggy, which sometimes turned to a drizzling rain, coming uniformly from the north, over the brow of the hill. About ten o'clock the atmosphere cleared and brightened, and the sun became scorching until four; but there is something ungenial in the heat, which parches the skin, without materially warming the air. The evenings were clear and beautiful, and the stars shone brightly at night, as during a frost in England, unobscured by a prevailing glow of light, which rendered distant objects uncommonly visible."

Mr. Luccock returned to the capital by a different route; but the particulars of this part of his journey are not of sufficient importance to detain us. The last chapter of the book contains information which deserves particular attention. During the period between 1813 and 1818, the inhabitants of the city had been greatly increased by the arrival of many foreigners from the Spanish provinces, North America, and Europe. Several of the labouring class of foreigners had dispersed themselves through the country in the vicinity of the city: and others had gone to the interior to enjoy a cool climate, as better adapted to their constitutions than that of Rio. As these foreigners had brought the know

ledge and habits acquired in their native country along with them, the works of art in progress exhibited more skill and taste than had been hitherto displayed in this part of the world. A new church, and several chapels with steeples, had been built, as also a new treasury and an exchequer. The furniture of houses, and the dress of the people had been improved. "All tended to create a great air of bustle and importance, to banish, in some measure, the formality which had prevailed until then in the manners of the city, and to render it a showy and intrusive place:" This change required the police to be strengthened, as a considerable number of bad characters had found their way to the city; among whom was a large proportion of Frenchmen, "whose characters had been transmitted from the Police Office at Paris." A sort of Alien Office was, in consequence, established, where every foreigner was compelled to enrol his name, and take out a license of residence. A military academy had been established for the instruction of officers, and books of tactics translated for their use. Troops had arrived from Portugal with such equipments, discipline, feelings, and habits, as they had acquired under Lord Wellington.

Mr. Luccock gives the following account of the insurrection which lately broke out in Pernambuco. The extraordinary drought of 1816 had caused a scarcity of provisions, from which the people of that province had suffered severely. The emigration of the Court to Brazil had cut off the connection between Pernambuco and Lisbon: but it had become rich by the exportation of cotton to Great Britain, at an exhorbitant price. Hence, in the ncedy circumstances of the treasury, it was flattered and indulged; and when the inhabitants saw other states rising into independence," they recollected and boasted of their former services to the Crown of Portugal, and now became tired of its yoke." Similar sentiments were cherished in all the northern provinces; and the whole of that part of Brazil was on the eve of a revolt. Early in March, 1817, two military officers were murdered, and, in the subsequent affair, a few people lost their lives. But the leaders proved themselves utterly devoid of capacity for successfully managing a resistance to the established government.

"They not only neglected the supplies, and the means of defence, which common prudence might have told them would become necessary, but seemed to court resistance, and in mockery to (of) the government in Rio, sent the expelled governor thither, to carry the news, and tell his own tale. At that period the Conde des Arcos, whose vigour of mind and promptitude in action place him among the first men of Brazil, was governor of Bahia; so soon as the news reached him he despatched two vessels of war, to blockade the port of Pernambuco, and thus intercepted the supplies of the place, and rendered the scarcity of provisions which prevailed still more distressing. He despatched also, by

land, a body of troops, whose advanced guard took possession of Pedras on the 24th of April, and Tramenderé on the 29th; the main body arrived on the 3d and 5th of May; a slight skirmish ensued, in which the rebels were routed and their four leaders taken. Thus terminated, in little more than ten days, and almost without a struggle, the wild projects of a drunken coward, a profligate priest, a mad assassin, and a cunning knave."

When the king heard of the insurrection, he exclaimed, "How is it that my subjects revolt? I have always tried to do them good; I do not know that I have injured any one: what do they wish for?" His conduct on this occasion was vigorous. Accompanied by the heir-apparent, he visited the treasury, the arsenal, and other offices of state; examined the stores, the storekeepers, and their books; punished negligent officers, and replaced them by better men; and by this means created among the people a feeling of loyalty which must have been peculiarly gratifying. The palace was crowded with people offering services or money. In the city alone, 7000 volunteers were enrolled, and L.60,000 Sterling raised. The performances of the theatre were suspended by rapturous expressions of loyalty and patriotism.

"I confess, that though a foreigner, and interested only in general with domestic politics, this burst of national sentiment thrilled to my very soul. I saw a whole people at once forget the execrable mode in which the administration of the country had been conducted, and the oppression under which almost every man had laboured. I saw them bury it all beneath the love of a sovereign whom they knew to be benevolent, though inactive; deceived, but not personally cruel."

The troops appointed to suppress the insurrection, had seen service in Spain, and were officered by men of talents and loyalty. A blockading squadron sailed from Rio on the 2d of April; the voyage was prosperous. The fleet entered the Recife on the 20th of May; Olinda rehoisted the royal standard, and was treated with mercy.

"When the troops which composed the expedition returned to Rio, they were complimented with the proud epithet of Pernambucanos; and although they had actually never seen an enemy, were as vain of their exploits as if they had gained the best disputed field. They met there, however, two regiments of uncommon merit, from Portugal, who were distinguished as Talaveirans, because they had been engaged in the battle which bears that name, and in every subsequent affair which had opposed their progress from Torres Vedras to Toulouse. The dialogues and disputes which occurred between the bloodless hero of Olinda, and him who had bravely marched up to, and scaled the breach at St. Sebastian's, would have been highly diverting, had they not displayed much ill temper, and laid the foundation of serious affrays, in which some lives were lost. These were generally fomented by

the Brazilians, because they hated the people from Portugal; while all impartial men could not but be struck with the superior discipline, energy, and temper of the men of Talaveira. In this moody state of things, some insane blockhead, or desperate traitor, obtained an order from the king for a review and sham-fight, to take place a day or two afterwards around the palace of St. Christophe, in which the two parties were to try their skill in attack and defence. All sober-minded men became alarmed, and the very day before the review was to take place, it was discovered by accident that the Pernambucanos had provided themselves with balls, buttons, nails, and other missiles, for the purpose of doing mischief. The troops from Portugal were instantly ordered to their barracks, and being examined by their officers, frankly owned that they were not unaware of the mischief intended for them, and that if any one man among them was hit, they had agreed to disobey orders, to charge with the bayonet, and march over their opponents. It is scarcely necessary to add, that the review did not take place, and that the circumstance produced a spirit among the parties which it would be very difficult to control. In the full exercise of such rancorous feelings, I left the troops in the year 1818."

In the subsequent part of the volume is some curious information respecting the internal police of the country, the regnal honours bestowed upon it, the acclamation of the king, and the increase of knowledge and taste, with sundry observations on slavery and the slave trade. We cannot enter on these particulars; and must now come to a conclusion by a few notices concerning the commerce of Brazil.

"While looking at the intercourse of foreign vessels with Rio, every Briton must be gratified at the wonderful preponderance which his own country possesses in that branch of commerce, both as it respects the direct trade from British ports, from colonial ones, and between Rio and other foreign ports;-a branch of commerce almost new in itself, of great importance to every maritime people, and of immense value to our shipping interest, although it makes no figure either in our custom-house entries or our reports to parliament. This, however, loudly calls for legislative interference, not only to nurture and protect it, but to control and prevent it from doing mischief. It is certain that no vessel ought to navigate under the British flag, without the government knowing precisely where she is, and what she is doing. Every such vessel which goes from one foreign port to another, ought not only to take a consular clearance, but to specify, definitely, the port to which she intends to proceed; her arrival, or non-arrival there should be noted, the duration of her voyage, the nature of her cargo, and such other circumstances as may be thought connected with the object which she has in view.

"These particular should be transmitted also to the Board of Trade, not so much with a view to make known the nature of the traffic in which the vessel is engaged, as to prevent British ships from abusing their privileges, and foreign ones from appearing under a protection to which they have no title, and making use of the flag as a cloak, in distant seas, for such proceedings as the British government would not justify. In proportion as the commerce we are speaking of expands, care ought to be taken to maintain the purity of mercantile character, the acknowledged rectitude and generosity of the British ensign. Wherever that is displayed it should be the rallying point of the injured, the pavilion of the distressed, always indicating a place of refuge to be sought, and never appearing as a beacon to be shunned."

This branch of foreign commerce is of advantage to Brazil, as it takes off her surplus produce, and supplies her with British manufactures; for her trade is still only in the state of barter. American vessels call at Rio for bullion, which they carry to Asia to purchase cargoes that are distributed through Europe and the United States. "In this important and lucrative branch of commerce, Britain," says the author, "has no share: she prohibits it to herself!" Political relations, and a friendly intercourse subsist between Brazil and Spain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden, as well as some of the other states of Europe. Respecting the late marriage of an Austrian princess to the heir-apparent, Mr. Luccock remarks, that "from a connection of this kind, Austria could expect no immediate or direct advantage; and the state of banishment in which the princess must be placed, can be compensated only by the consideration, that Brazil, like South America, in general is a rich country, and affords a field for royal as well as commercial adventurers.”

ART. XIII.-Letters from the West. Letter III.

April 18th. This morning we left Wheeling. Between this place and Marietta, there is little particularly worthy of attention, except the mounds and fortifications, on Mr. Tomlinson's farm at Grave Creek. The "Big Grave," as it is called, is about a quarter of a mile from Mr. Tomlinson's house, in a south-westerly direction; it is a circular mound, sixty-eight feet high, and fifty-five feet in diameter at the top. This is one of the largest mounds in the western country, and it exhibits every indication of great antiquity, its whole surface being covered by forest trees of the largest size, and the earth presenting no peculiarity to distinguish it from the adjacent soil.

The "Long Reach," where the Ohio pursues a direct course for