502 CAMPUS MARTIUS NAUMACHIE — CURIE, ETC. Ep. v. 6.; but here some read, Hypodromus, a shady or covered walk, which indeed seems to be meant, as Sidon. Ep. ii. 2. PALESTRÆ, GYMNASIA, et XYSTI, places for exercising the Athlete, see p. 297, 298., or pancratiasta, who both wrestled and boxed, qui PANCRATIO certabant, i. e. omnibus viribus, (ñãv xjátos,) Senec. Ben. v. 3. Gell. iii. 15. xiii. 27. Quinctil. 9. These places were chiefly in the CAMPUS MARTIUS, a large plain along the Tiber, where the Roman youth performed their exercises, anciently belonging to the Tarquins; hence called SUPERBI REGIS AGER, Juvenal. vi. 523.; and after their expulsion, consecrated to Mars, Liv. ii. 5.; called, by way of eminence, CAMPUS, Horat. Od. iii. 1. 10. Cic. Cat. i. 5. Off. i. 29.: put for the Comitia held there, Cic. Orat. iii. 42.; hence fors domina campi, Cic. Pis. 2.; or for the votes; hence venalis campus, i. e. suffragia, Lucan. i. 180., Campi nota, a repulse, Val. Max. vi. 9. 14.; or for any thing in which a person exercises himself: hence latissimus dicendi campus, in quo liceat oratori vagari liberè, a large field for speaking, Cic. Off. i. 18. Acad. iv. 35. Campus, in quo excurrere virtus, cognoscique possit, Cic. Mur. 8. * NAUMACHIE, places for exhibiting naval engagements, built nearly in the form of a circus; VETUS, i. e. Naumachia Circi Maximi, Suet. Tit. 7.; AUGUSTI †, Id. 43. Tib. 72.; DOMITIANI, Id. 5. Martial. Spect. 28. These fights were exhibited also in the circus and amphitheatre, Ibid. See p. 299. III. CURIÆ, buildings where the inhabitants of each Curia met to perform divine service, Varro de L. L. iv. 32., see p. 1., or where the senate assembled (SENACULA), p. 9. IV. FORA, public places. Of these the chief was FORUM ROMANUM, VETUS, vel MAGNUM, a large, oblong, open space ‡, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, now the cow-market [campo vaccino], where the assemblies of the people were held, where justice was administered, and public business transacted, see p. 79. 112., &c. instituted by Romulus, Dionys. ii. 50., and surrounded with porticos, shops, and buildings, by Tarquinius Priscus, Liv. i. 35. These shops were chiefly occupied by bankers (argentarii), hence called ARGENTARIE, SC. taberna, Liv. xxvi. 11., VETERES, Plaut. Curc. iv. 1. 19.; hence ratio pecuniarum, quæ in foro versatur, the state of money matters, Cic. Manil. 7.; fidem de foro tollere, to destroy public credit, Cic. Rull. i. 8.; in foro versari, to trade, Id. Flacc. 29.; foro cedere, to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. iv. 39., vel in foro eum non habere, Cic. Rabir. Post. 15.; but de foro decedere, not to appear in public, Nep. Att. 10.; in foro esse, to be engaged in public business, Id. Cat. 1., vel dare operam foro, Plaut. Asin. ii. 4. 22. ; fori tabes, the rage of In the Campus Martius stood the temple of Juturna, by the Aqua Virgo, which Agrippa had brought thither; also the Terentum, where was an altar of Dis and Proserpine, at which secular games were celebrated. Keightley on Ovid. Fast. i. 464. 501. In the reign of Augustus, a great part of the Campus Martius was enclosed and occupied by public buildings, more especially by the great works of Agrippa. This was on the other side of the Tiber, and was 1800 feet in length and 200 in width, so that thirty ships of war could engage in it. In length 705 feet, in width 470, according to Burton, i. p. 204. FORUM ROMANUM, NERVÆ, TRAJANI, ETC. 503 litigation, Tacit. Ann. xi. 6. ; in alieno foro litigare, to follow a business one does not understand, Martial. Præf. xii. * Around the forum were built spacious halls, called BASILICÆ, where courts of justice might sit, and other public business be transacted [as in the Exchange of modern times], see p. 113., not used in early times, Liv. xxvi. 27., adorned with columns and porticos, Cic. Verr. iv. 3. v. 58. Att. iv. 16. [xi. 29.], afterwards converted into Christian churches. [Tac. Ann. iii. 72.] The Forum was altogether surrounded by arched porticos, with proper places left for entrance, Liv. xli. 27. Near the Rostra stood a statue of Marsyas, vel -a, Horat. Sat. i. 6. 120., who having presumed to challenge Apollo at singing, and being vanquished, was flayed alive, Liv. xxxviii. 13. Ovid. Fast. vi. 707. Hence his statue was set up in the Forum, to deter unjust litigants. There was only one Forum under the republic. Julius Cæsar added another, the area of which cost H. S. millies, i. e. £807,291: 13: 4, Suet. Jul. 26. Plin. xxxvi. 15. s. 24., and Augustus a third, Id. xxix. 31. Hence TRINA FORA, Ovid. Trist. iii. 12. 24. Senec. de Ira, ii. 9. TRIPLEX FORUM, Martial. iii. 38. 4. Domitian began a fourth Forum, which was finished by Nerva, and named, from him, FORUM NERVÆ, Suet. Dom. 5., called also TRANSITORIUM, because it served as a convenient passage to the other three, Lamprid. in Alex. 28. But the most splendid Forum was that built by Trajan, and adorned with the spoils he had taken in war, Marcellin. xvi. 6. Gell. xiii. 23. There were also various FORA, or market places, where certain commodities were sold; thus, Forum BOARIUM, the ox and cow market, Festus, in which stood a brazen statue of a bull, Tacit. xii. 24., adjoining to the Circus Maximus, Ovid. Fast. vi. 477.; SUARIUM, the swine-market; PISCARIUM, the fish-market; OLITORIUM, the green-market [Tac. Ann. ii. 49.]; Forum CUPEDINIS, where pastry and confections were sold; all contiguous to one another, along the Tiber. When joined together, called MACELLUM, from one Ma "Sometimes the extraordinary luxury was practised of covering it with awnings. Cæsar spread them over the whole of the Forum and the Via Sacra, from his own house to the Clivus Capitolinus. This was during his dictatorship, and when he wished to amuse the people with games. (Plin. xix. 6.) Marcellus did so, to make it more wholesome for those engaged in lawsuits." Burton, i. p. 207. "The Forum of Augustus was lined on each side by a portico, and terminated by the temple of Mars Bis Ultor. Under the porticos, on one side, stood in bronze the Latin and Roman kings, from Eneas down to Tarquinius Superbus; on the other were ranged the Roman heroes, all in triumphal robes. On the base of each statue was inscribed the history of the person whom it represented. In the centre rose a colossal statue of Augustus. (Suet. Aug. xxxi.)" — Eustace's Classical Tour, iii. p. 184. "This forum consisted of four porticos, supported by pillars of the most beautiful marble: the roof of the porticos rested on brazen beams, and was covered with brazen plates; it was adorned with statues and chariots, all of brass gilt: the pavement was of variegated marble. The entrance was at one end, by a triumphal arch; at the other, and opposite, was a temple; on one side a basilica, on the other a public library in the centre rose the celebrated column, crowned with the colossal statue of Trajan. Apollodorus was the architect of this wonderful pile,' · Eustace, iii. p. 186. cellus, whose house had stood there, Varr. de L. L. iv. 32. Those who frequented this place are enumerated, Ter. Eun. ii. 2. 25. V. PORTICUS, or piazzas, [colonnades, or cloisters,] were among the most splendid ornaments of the city. They took their names either from the edifices to which they were annexed, as Porticus Concordia, Apollinis, Quirini, Herculis, Theatri, Circi, Amphitheatri, &c., or from the builders of them, as Porticus Pompeia, Livia, Octavia, Agrippa, [Hor. Epist. i. 6. 26. Minutia, Cic. Phil. ii. 34.] &c., used chiefly for walking in, or riding under covert, Ovid. Art. Ām. i. 67. Cic. Dom. 44. See p. 383. In porticos, the senate and courts of justice were sometimes held, Appian. Bell. Civ. ii. p. 500. Here also those who sold jewels, pictures, or the like, exposed their goods. Upon a sudden shower, the people retired thither from the theatre, Vitruv. v. 9. Soldiers sometimes had their tents in porticos, Tacit. Hist. i. 31. There authors recited their works, Juvenal. i. 12., philosophers used to dispute, Cic. Orat. ii. 20. Propert. ii. 33. 45., particularly the Stoics, whence their name, (from σro, porticus,) because Zeno, the founder of that sect, taught his scholars in a portico at Athens, called Pœcile, (Taxi^n, varia, picta,) adorned with various pictures, particularly that of the battle of Marathon, Cic. Mur. 29. Pers. iii. 53. Nep. Milt. 6. So Chrysippi porticus, the school of, Horat. Sat. ii. 3. 44. See p. 383. Porticos were generally paved (pavimentata), Cic. Dom. 44. Q. Fr. iii. 1., supported on marble pillars, Senec. Ep. 115., and adorned with statues, Ovid. Fast. v. 563. Trist. iii. 1. 59. Propert. ii. 23. 5. Suet. Aug. 31. VI. COLUMNÆ, (orλai, vel σrú,) columns or pillars, properly denote the props or supports (fulcra) of the roof of a house, or of the principal beam on which the roof depends (columen); but this term came to be extended to all props or supports whatever, especially such as are ornamental, and also to those structures which support nothing, unless perhaps a statue, a globe, or the like. A principal part of architecture consists in a knowledge of the different form, size, and proportions of columns. Columns are variously denominated, from the five different orders of architecture, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite, i. e. composed of the first three. The foot of a column is called the base, (basis, Plin. xxxvi. 23. s. 56.) and is always made one half of the height of the diameter of the column. That part of a column on which it stands is called its pedestal, (stylobates, vel -ta,) the top, its chapiter or capital, (epistylium, caput vel capitulum,) and the straight part its shaft (scapus). Various pillars were erected at Rome in honour of great men, and to commemorate illustrious actions, Plin. xxxiv. 5. Thus, COLUMNA ENEA, a brazen pillar on which a league with the Latins was written, Liv. ii. 33.; COLUMNA ROSTRATA, a column adorned with figures of ships, in honour of Duilius, in the Forum (see p. 339.), of white marble, Sil. vi. 663., still remaining with its inscription; another in the Capitol, erected by M. Fulvius, the consul, in the second Punic war, Liv. xlii. 20., in honour of Cæsar, consisting of one stone of PILLARS OF TRAJAN AND ANTONINUS. 505 Numidian marble near twenty feet high, Suet. Jul. 86., of Galba, Id. G. 23. But the most remarkable columns were those of Trajan and Antoninus Pius. Trajan's pillar was erected in the middle of his Forum, [A. D. 115,] composed of twenty-four great pieces of marble, but so curiously cemented as to seem but one. Its height is 128 feet, according to Eutropius 144 feet, viii. 5. It is about twelve feet diameter at the bottom, and ten at the top. It has in the inside 185 steps for ascending to the top, and forty windows for the admission of light.* The whole pillar is encrusted with marble, on which are represented the warlike exploits of that emperor and his army, particularly in Dacia. On the top was a colossus of Trajan, holding in his left hand a sceptre, and in his right a hollow globe of gold, in which his ashes were put: but Eutropius affirms that his ashes were deposited under the pillar, viii. 5. + The pillar of Antoninus was erected to him by the senate [A. D. 174] after his death. It is 176 feet high, the steps of ascent 206, the windows 56. The sculpture and other ornaments are much of the same kind with those of Trajan's pillar, but the work greatly inferior. § Both these pillars are still standing, and justly reckoned among the most precious remains of antiquity. Pope Sextus V., instead of the statues of the emperors, caused the statue of St. Peter to be erected on Trajan's pillar, and of Paul on that of Antoninus. The Romans were uncommonly fond of adorning their houses with pillars, Cic. Ver. i. 55., &c. Horat. Od. ii. 18. 4. Juven. vii. 182., and placing statues between them (in intercolumniis), Cic. Verr. i. 19., as in temples, Ov. Trist. iii. 1. 61. A tax seems to have been imposed on pillars, called COLUMNARIUM, Cic. Att. xiii. 6. Cæs. B. C. iii. 28. s. 32. There was a pillar in the Forum called Columna Mænia, from C. Mænius, who, having conquered the Antiates, A. U. 417, placed the brazen beaks of their ships on the tribunal in the Forum, from which speeches were made to the people; hence called ROSTRA. See p. 74. Plin. xxxiv. 5. s. 11. Near this pillar, slaves and thieves, or fraudulent bankrupts, used to *The most recent account, by Burgess (Topography and Antiq. of Rome, ii. 14.), states the pillar to be composed of 34 pieces of marble, the steps to be 184, the windows or loop-holes 42. + Trajan died at Seleucia, in the nineteenth year of his reign; so that he never saw the column which was erected in honour of him. According to Burgess, the height is 168 feet, the diameter being 113; of windows, only 42 are now counted; and for the 206 steps, we have at present 190. It is composed of 28 pieces of white marble. The number of 106 steps, as in former editions of Adam, appears to have been a typographical error. § "If we follow the inscription upon the base, we should believe this pillar to have been erected in honour of Antoninus Pius. But this inscription is modern and erroneous, having been placed there by Sextus V., who repaired the whole column, and particularly the base. It is now universally agreed, that the pillar was erected to M. Aurelius by the senate. An ancient inscription found near this place, besides proving this point, informs us also that the pillar was called Centenaria. We may add, that the bas reliefs are entirely devoted to the exploits of M. Aurelius.” 506 TRIUMPHAL ARCHES TROPHIES. be punished, Cic. Cluent. 13. Hence insignificant idle persons, who used to saunter about that place, were called COLUMNARII, Cic. Fam. viii. 9., as those who loitered about the Rostra and courts of justice were called SUBROSTRANI, Cic. Fam. viii. 1., and SUBBASILICARII, Plaut. Capt. iv. 2. 35., comprehended in the Turba forensis, or plebs urbana, which Cicero often mentions.* VII. ARCUS TRIUMPHALES, arches erected in honour of illustrious generals, who had gained signal victories in war, Dio. xlix. 15. li. 19. liv. 8., several of which are still standing. They were at first very simple, built of brick or hewn stone, of a semicircular figure; hence called FORNICES by Cicero, Verr. i. 7. ii. 63. ; but afterwards more magnificent, built of the finest marble, and of a square figure, with a large arched gate in the middle, and two small ones on each side, adorned with columns and statues, and various figures done in sculpture, Juv. x. 136. From the vault of the middle gate hung little winged images of Victory, with crowns in their hands, which, when let down, they put on the victor's head as he passed in triumph. This magnificence began under the first emperors; hence Pliny calls it NOVICIUM INVENTUM, XXXiv. 6. s. 12. † VIII. TROPÆA, trophies, were spoils taken from the enemy, and fixed upon any thing, as signs or monuments of victory (a τpoñǹ, fuga); erected (posita vel statuta) usually in the place where it was gained, and consecrated to some divinity, with an inscription, Virg. En. xi. 5. iii. 288. Ovid. Art. Am. ii. 744. Tacit. Ann. ii. 22. Curt. vii. 7. viii. 1.; used chiefly among the ancient Greeks, who, for a trophy, decorated the trunk of a tree with the arms and spoils of the vanquished enemy, Stat. Theb. ii. 707. Juv. x. 133. Those who erected metal or stone were held in detestation by the other states, Cic. de Invent. ii. 23., nor did they repair a trophy when it decayed, to intimate, that enmities ought not to be immortal, Plutarch. Quæst. Rom. 36. Diod. Sic. 13. * OBELISKS. "Few monuments, which the ingenuity or pride of man has produced, have existed so long as the Egyptian obelisks in Rome. We are accustomed to regret, in exploring this city, that there are so few remains of the republic; but these obelisks carry us back to a period far more remote, to the age of Sesostris and Sothis, upwards of 1000 years before the birth of Christ. Augustus was the first who conceived the idea of transporting these immense blocks to Rome: he was imitated by Caligula, Constantius, and others; and they were generally erected in some circus. They have all subsequently been removed, and placed in conspicuous parts of the city, by different popes. Kircher reckons twelve in all. The loftiest is that in front of St. John Lateran. P. Victor calls it 132 feet high. It is of one solid piece of red granite, and covered with hieroglyphics."— Burton's Antiq., i. p. 255. "The oldest triumphal arch now existing at Rome, if we except the doubtful monument of Drusus, is the arch of Titus; and, as a proof and illustration of the most important event in the Jewish history, there is not, perhaps, a more interesting object of antiquity in the world: it is an evidence of the fulfilment of prophecy (Dan. ix. 27. St. Luke, xxi. 20-25.), and a standing monument of the dispersion of the children of Israel from the time the unconscious senate erected this trophy in honour of the decrees of Providence. The Jew and the Christian must equally feel an interest, and linger near the ruin which brings before their eyes the woful history of the siege of Jerusalem."- Burgess's Topography, &c. of Rome, i. p. 282. It stands at the foot of the Palatine hill, on the road leading from the Colosseum to the Forum. |