doctrines were preached amongst the English by Austin, (commonly called The Apostle of the English,) who arrived in 597, and died in 605. The conversion of the Saxon nations from Paganism was completed in the course of the seventh and eighth centuries.

THE KINGDOM OF SCOTLAND was principally confined within the limits of the country so called; and the annexation of this kingdom to that of England was not till 88 years after the commencement of the Reformation in Germany, and about forty years subsequent to its establishment in Scotland.

THE GERMAN EMPIRE at first comprehended the kingdom of France; but these two very powerful monarchies were finally separated as far back as 888, when Eudes was the first monarch of France after its separation from Germany. The kingdom of Italy which formed a part of the empire under Charlemagne, but was afterwards separated and governed by tyrants, was finally reunited by Otho I. in 962. Batavia and Holland became independent of Germany, to which it had been united under one of the grandsons of Charlemagne, in the beginning of the tenth century, when the supreme authority was lodged in the three united powers of a count, the nobles, and the towns. At last they were swallowed up by the house of Burgundy, anno 1433. The emperor Charles V. the heir of that family, transferred them, in the year 1477, to the house of Austria, and ranked them as part of

the empire, under the title of the Circle of Buri gundy. The kingdom of Bohemia has been considered a fief of the empire from its first erection into a kingdom; and the emperor Charles IV. who was also king of Bohemia, acknowledged it one of the electorates by his Golden Bull published in 1356.

THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN was first converted from Paganism some time in the ninth century; the introduction of the Roman Catholic doctrines was about 853, by Ansgarius, bishop of Bremen. This monarchy was united to that of Denmark in 1387, by Margaret daughter of Valdemar; and in 1394 this princess became queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Sweden, after many tragical revolutions, was liberated from the Danish yoke by the celebrated Gustavus Vasa in 1523, five years before the establishment of the Reformed religion in this country. Sweden was the first Roman Catholic country in which the Reformation was established by law.

THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK had Norway annexed to it in the fourteenth century, an union which subsists to the present day. The Roman Catholic doctrines were introduced into this kingdom about A. D. 858.

THE KINGDOM OF POLAND is the next in order of the ten Latin monarchies. It was originally governed by dukes; and Boleslaus was the first who assumed the title of king, in 999. He conquered Moravia, Prussia, and Bohemia, making them trị

butary to Poland. Boleslaus II. added Red Russia to Poland, by marrying the heiress of that duchy, anno 1059. But this prince, who is surnamed The Cruel, son of Casimir I. having put to death St. Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, Poland, by way of punishment for his crime, forfeited the title of a kingdom, and was reduced to a principality, which was given to Uladislaus in 1082. It did not recover the name of a kingdom, until Primislaus II. who was chosen by the nobility, and was anointed and crowned in the church of Guezna, towards the year 1295. He was succeeded by Ladislaus II. called The Small; who, to maintain this dignity of a king, sent ambassadors to the Pope, who ordained, that he should be solemnly anointed in the church of Cracow, in 1320. Jagello, who in 1384 mounted the throne, was grand duke of Lithuania, and a Pagan; but on his being elected king of Poland, he not only became a professor of Christianity, but was at pains to bring over his subjects to that religion. He united his hereditary dominions to those of Poland; and the crown continued in his family till 1572. The Roman Catholic doctrines were first introduced into Poland by duke Mieczlaus (surnamed the Eye of Christianity) about A. D. 964. This prince appointed Adelbert, sent by the Pope to propagate Popery in Poland, primate of the whole republic.

THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY commenced about the year 1000. Geysa was the first Roman Catholic monarch in Hungary. He was converted by

Adelbert, bishop of Prague, in 989. In the year 997 Geysa died, and was succeeded by his son Stephen, then very young, but who had been declared king by the states the year before his father died; which title, with the addition of that of apostolic, four years after, (1000,) was confirmed to him by Pope Sylvester II. Stephen, at that time surrendering his kingdom to the church. This Stephen is reckoned the first of the kings of Hungary; for his predecessors were kings more by authority and power than by ordinary title.* This monarchy received considerable additions in the fourteenth century; for about the year 1310 king Charles Robert ascended the throne, and subdued Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and many other provinces; but many of these conquests were afterwards reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other powers. In the fifteenth century Huniades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladislaus, bravely repulsed the Turks, when they invaded Hungary; and, upon the death of Ladislaus, the Hungarians, in 1438, raised Matthias Corvinus, son of Huniades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting against Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This battle had almost proved fatal to Hungary; but the archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor Charles V. having married the sister of Lewis, he claimed the title of king of Hungary, to which he succeeded with some diffi

*Modern Universal Hist. Vol. XLII. p. 6.

culty. On his being chosen emperor of Germany, in 1558, Ferdinand retained the crown of Hungary till 1562, when he resigned it to his son Maximilian; and it has since continued a constant appendage of the house of Austria. By this short history it is evident that the kingdom of Hungary is to be considered one of the horns of the Beast, because its final subduction by the house of Austria did not take place till after the Reformation. THE KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL was the last of the ten Latin monarchies. The history of its rise is briefly as follows: In the tenth century Alphonsus VI. king of Castile and Leon, rewarded Henry, grandson of Robert king of France, for his bravery and assistance against the Moors, with his daughter, and that part of Portugal then in the hands of the Roman Catholics. Henry was succeeded by his son Alphonsus Henry, in 1095, who gained a decisive victory over five Moorish kings in July 1139. This victory proved the origin of the monarchy of Portugal; for Alphonsus was then proclaimed king by his soldiers. This kingdom continued from this time an independent monarchy till a considerable time after the Reformation; for it was not united to Spain before the 12th of September, 1580, and it was again separated by John, duke of Braganza, on the 1st of December 1640.

From this very slight sketch of history it is evident that the ten horns of the Beast must be the Roman Catholic monarchies of France, Spain, England, Scotland, The Empire, Sweden, Den