lome rifing hillock plays in fight her little tricks, leaps here, doubles there, now fits an end, liftens, then crouched (as if funk into the earth), deceives the unexperienced eye, and creeps to a quat.

These are raptures unenjoyed in fox or any other chice; but harehunting may be as difagreeable to the park-keeper, forester, or foxhunter. as the contrary to me; and each may, and no doubt hath, as much to advance in favour of his amufement as I can poffibly fay of mine; therefore it would be impudent to declaim against other people's diverfions, to enhance the fari faction found in mine.

It is humour and inclination makes one or other partake of any paltime or not; and the delight found in purfuing a poor harmless hare, with a parcel of ugly roaring Hounds, to a man of cold flow circulation, or a fribble of meek effeminate temper, may appear, on confideration, inhuman and barbarous as bull-baiting.'

It may be fome confolation for the difgrace of ranking with men of cold flow circulation, or fribbles of meek effeminate temper, to receive an acknowledgment that the choice of paftime depends on humour and inclination.

Since the foregoing Article was fet at the Prefs, we have, by mere accident, discovered, that thefe Eflays are an expansion of a pamphlet written by JOHN SMALLMAN GARDINER, Gent. entitled, "The Art and the Pleasures of Hare-hunting;" printed in 1750. But the additions are very confiderable.

A&T. IV. Hunting vindicated from Cruelty, in a Letter to the Monthly Reviewers. 8vo. 1 S. Law. 1782.

O find a man deftitute of reafons, fufficient in his own opinion to justify what he is previously inclined to, is fcarcely to be expected. In our account of the Thoughts on Hunting, after doing what we efteemed juftice to the Author of an ingenious treatife, we ventured a little farther, and indulged a declaration of our fentiments on the profeffion of Hunting in this country, as dictated by humanity to kindred animals, fimilar in organical structure, and, as we believe, fubject to like bodily feelings with their haughty mafters. In this digreffion, we fondly imagined our principles, and the application of them, fo unexceptionable, that we should meet with the concurrence of all men of feeling, who were not biaffed by the poffeffion of a kennel of hounds; and that thofe who were, would defpite fentiments which originated in the fmoke of London, too much to think them worthy of notice. But in pleading the caufe of the brute creation, there is nothing extraordinary in being oppofed by a perfon who writes under the fign. ture of A BARBARIAN: and as our knowledge of him extends no farther than this notice he has honoured us with,

it

* See Rev. Vol. LXV. P. 211.

not incumbent on us

to dispute his claim to the character he has affumed. If, how ever, he is not guilty of a mifnomer in the appellation he has chofen for himself, he is clearly fo in the title prefixed to his letter; as hunting is fo far from being vindicated from the imputation of cruelty, that the facts alleged are not difputed, he pleads guilty to all he is charged with in his fporting character, and only labours to palliate the conftruction to which they are exposed.

This gentleman has indeed confiderably shortened the task he has undertaken, by declaring himself unconcerned in the merits of fox-hunting, and ftanding forth only as an apologist for harehunters. His juftification, on philofophical principles, appears in the following part of his confeffion:

I have been wicked enough to think that there is no cruelty in deftroying any animal whatever, not being born under the sky where a man calls a crocodile his brother, and a ferpent his fifter; vainly imagining that the univerfality of the practice, with a few exceptions, from the favage to the moft polifhed man, gave a fanion to it. I feemed to think that I was juftified in it by erroneously obferving, that throughout the whole creation there was perceivable a fyftem of fubordination and fuperiority, in appearance a fyftem of cruelty, fince from the bottom of the fea to the top of the highest mountain, doubting alfo whether it did not go higher, even to the planets, there were found living beings, perhaps the greater part of which fubfifted by the deftruction of others. That the one were a check to the other, and prevented their too great increase, which would have endangered even my own perfonal existence.'

Here our Author endeavours to entangle the subject with the abftrufe metaphyfical inquiry into the wisdom and goodness of the Supreme Being; but we beg leave to decline being fo drawn afide from a queftion that lies within a narrower compafs. Whatever may be his conceptions of the general fyftem of nature, it is fufficiently evident, that all irrational animals act their deftined parts inftinctively according to the neceffity implanted in their conftitutional frames: but man, fuperior man, boafts the divine light of reafon, which he believes is given him to over-rule and regulate his animal propenfities; not to aid them, and extend his powers of deftruction wantonly over all around him, according to the doctrine above cited. Such, however, being the philofophy here inculcated, there appears to be no ground of controverly between this sportsman, who emphatically figns himself a Barbarian, and the Reviewers, who accufe him of cruelty; for he avows the attribute, and juftifies himself by philofophical reasoning. The only difagreement is with himself; who pleads privilege for man to act his part in what he terms a fyftem of cruelty,' in a letter intitled, Hunting vindicated FROM Cruelty

Having

Having thus, each in our own manner, difcuffed the question of right derived from power, we shall next inquire into the utility of hunting, as a profeffion or amufement exercifed for the public good. Our sportsman tells us

It is to be feared, unfortunately for your feelings, that hunters muft yet exist in Great Britain, in the midst of blood and destruction. Wolves and bears indeed we have none, but those which appear in the form of hunters. But hares will find means to live in well-cultivated lands, and multiply to no small degree, notwithstanding all our cruel efforts to the contrary. And foxes too will have cunning enough to find out fome neglected fpots for the propagation of their fpecies. As this feems to be their determined refolution, it may be a difficult problem to folve, which of the two will employ their powers to injure moft the pains-taking farmer? Foxes, he finds, eat his lambs, and rob his poultry-yards; and when lambs are out of season, they do not fcruple much to take up with sheep. Hares repeatedly eat down his corn, when in a tender state, weaken it in its stalk, and confume it in the ear. Their very amufements and amours are all against him.'

It is abfolutely neceffary, in well cultivated countries, for lordly man's well-being to leffen the number of fuch animals-What a happy coincidence! Executions are needful, and executioners ready, without fee or reward, even at a great expence, to undertake the cheerfal, though to the compaffionate the painful task. It is an expensive fyftem of barbarity in all its circumftances-but it is interwoven with government itfelf-It is true, indeed, that there are fome of the breed of Acteon's dogs left. The mafter's imprudence only will place him in fimilar circumstances.'

What infinite obligation are the farmers under to their sport ing neighbours, for the great expence, vigilant attention, corporeal labour, and dangers they fubmit to, merely to clear their grounds from vermin! But is not the Writer confcious of grofs difingenuity in fuch fallacious representations? Let us fee how valid his plea for relieving the farmer from the depredations of those animals he treats as vermin, will appear, when we confider them under the appropriated denomination of GAME. Is not the fubject inftantly changed, as if by a magical power? Is not all he has faid about it worse than abfurdity? Is it not wilful deception? For, is it not flatly contradicted by the preambles to all the ftatutes for the prefervation of the game? Does he not know the tendency of the fevere penalties declared in them, and the tyrannical manner in which they are inforced by those petty "Grand Seigneurs' who are armed with magifterial authority? Will he undertake to define the extenfion of the term poaching; and tell us how a poor farmer, irritated alike by the ravages of field vermin and of privileged vermin-killers, would be confidered and treated, fhould he be difcovered in the heinous act of caoperating in their labours, even on his own ground? If a manor happens to be impoverished of its game, by which the true end of

C 4

of hunting is fulfilled, according to his above state of it; is the lord fatisfied by fuch clearance? Or will he not rather ftrain every nerve to recruit his flock, even from the continent, protected by redoubled feverities against every unqualified rafcal, tempted by legal reftraints to participate in his exclufive privileges?

It is needlefs to follow our Author into more particular difcuffions, for determining the general queftion between us. The Reader is furnished with enough of both our opinions on the fubject; and is not only enabled, but intitled, to form a judgment for himself. Should we be favoured with another letter from this fporting gentleman, containing explicit anfwers to the above queftions, confonant with the doctrine he now advances in behalf of his favourite amufement, we promife not to overlook him.

ART. V. Obfervations on the Nature, Kinds, Caufes, and Prevention of Infanity, Lunacy, or Madness. By Tho. Arnold, M. D. Vol. I. Containing Obfervations on the Nature and various Kinds of Infanity. 8vo. 5 s. Boards. Leicester printed, and fold by Cadell, &c. London. 1782.

N the Introduction to this volume, Dr. Arnold, lamenting the fmall advance made in the Healing Art, in proportion to modern improvements in fcience, applies this obfervation peculiarly to the clafs of difeafes in queftion, in the cure of which he feems to think we rather fall fhort of the ancients; at least if we are to credit their accounts of the efficacy of hellebore in maniacal cafes.

He next briefly difcuffes the affertion, that infanity is a difeafe more frequent in England than in moft other countries; and he feems to think there is fome foundation for this opinion; elpecially if the comparison be made with our fouthern neighbours, whofe levity and volatility preferves them from the effects of melancholy and low fpirits.

The bulk of the volume is compofed of the third fection, in which the Author treats of the definition and arrangement of infanity. He begins with giving a number of definitions, ancient and modern, both of delirium and infanity, with its two generally received divifions of mania and melancholy. After fhewing, in a few remarks, the inaccuracy and imperfection of all thefe, he proceeds to establish his own. This is founded on Mr. Locke's divifion of the two fources of human knowledge into fenfation and reflection; which this Writer fo modifies, as to call the reprefentation of objects of fenfation in the mind, IDEAS; and the perception of objects of refection, NOTIONS. This ferves as a bafis for two general divifions, both of delirium and intanity's

I

ty, into ideal and notional. We fhall tranfcribe his definitions of each of these.

The mind may be faid to be delirious when it fuppofes fenfible objects to exift externally, which exift, as they then appear to the mind, only in idea:- or has fuch notions about objects which it fees, hears, or otherwife perceives or knows, as appear obviously falfe or abfurd to the common fenfe and experience of the fober and rational part of mankind. Delirium, therefore, may naturally be divided into two kinds :—the one, arifing from an error in our ideas, I call IDEAL DELIRIUM; and the other, arifing from an error in our notions, I call NOTIONAL DELIRIUM.'

With refpect to thefe, the Author obferves, that the former kind of delirium is common both to fever and madness; the latter, he believes, is peculiar to madness.

His two kinds of infanity are thus defined:

IDEAL INSANITY is that ftate of mind in which a perfon imagines he fees, hears, or otherwife perceives, or converfes with, perfons or things, which either have no external existence to his fenfes at that time,-or have no fuch external existence as they are then conceived to have:-or, if he perceives external objects as they really exift, has yet erroneous and abfurd ideas of his own form, and other fenfible qualities:-fuch a state of mind continuing for a confiderable time; and being unaccompanied with any violent or adequate degree of fever.

NOTIONAL INSANITY is that fate of mind in which a perfon fees, hears, or otherwife perceives external objects as they seally exift, as objects of fenfe; vet conceives fuch notions of the powers, properties, defigns, ftate, deitination, importance, manner of existence, or the like, of things and pertons, of himfelf and others, as appear obviousls, and often grossly erroneous, or unreasonable, to the common fenfe of the fober and judicious part of mankind. It is of confiderable duration; is never accompanied with any great degree of fever, and very often with no fever at all.'

Several obfervations follow, to fhew the connection between various affections and difpofitions of the mind and infanity, or a difpofition to it.. Here we meet with a contradiction to a common maxim, which will be pleafing to thofe who love to confider human nature in the most exalted point of view. It has been afferted that great genius borders on madness, and that perfons of the higheit mental qualifications are not likely to fall into this dreadful difeale, Our Author, on the other hand, affirms, from experience, that perfons of little genius and weak judgment are moft liable to become infane.

Dr. Arnold next proceeds to the confideration of the particular fpecies of infanity, which he comprizes in the following

table: