QUESTIONS. WHAT does our author term the sage. Here are how many ands? Of third quality of a correct sentence; and this agreeable writer, what is farther what does he mean by it? Of the two remarked? Of a writer, so accurate as former qualities, what is remarked; Dean Swift, what is strange? Repeat but why is more than these requisite ? the sentence; and of it, what is remarkWhat is the first rule given for pro- ed? What, in the next place, is worthy moting the strength of a sentence? of observation? Who makes this reWith what may these, sometimes, be mark; what examples are given; and consistent, but they always have what what is said of them? Hence, what foleffect? What is a general maxim? lows? What examples from Lord BoThey cannot be superfluous without lingbroke, and from Cæsar, are given to what; and what follows? What ex-illustrate this observation? Of the latter ample is given to illustrate this remark? illustration, what is remarked? Why What, therefore, is considered one of is this attention to the copulative of the most useful of exercises, in cor- considerable importance to all who recting what we have written? Here, study eloquence? Hence, for what what should be employed; and what purpose, are the omission, and the rewill our sentences acquire, when thus petition of it, respectively used; and for retrenched? Of what, however, must what reason? To illustrate this more we be careful; and why? To what fully, what example is given from the must some regard be had; and what writings of the apostle Paul? What is must be left? Besides redundant words, the third rule for promoting the strength of what should sentences be cleared?of a sentence? What must every one As every word ought to present a new see; and what is equally plain? What, idea, what follows? What fault stands however, cannot be ascertained by any opposed to this? What examples are precise rule? With what must this given to illustrate this remark? In both vary? What must be studied, in the these instances, what is observed of the first place; and of the nature of our second member of the sentence; and language, what is remarked? In our what remark follows? When words language, where, for the most part, are multiplied, without a corresponding are the important words placed? To multiplication of ideas, what is their illustrate this remark, what example is effect? After removing superfluities, given; and of this order, what is obwhat is the second direction given for served? What, however, is sometimes promoting the strength of a sentence? advantageous? What example is Of these little words, what is remarked? given from Mr. Pope? From the great Why cannot a particular set of rules liberty of inversion, what advantage respecting them be given? What, then, did the Greek and Latin writers enjoy? must here direct us? Of the splitting Who endeavoured to imitate them in of particles, what is observed? What this? What was the consequence; and example is given? In such instances why? What two instances are given what effect is produced; and why are from Mr. Gordon, to illustrate this rewe, in thought, put to a stand? What mark? But, notwithstanding these indo some writers needlessly multiply?stances, of our language, what is reWhat example is given? Where is marked? What example illustrates such a style proper? But, in the ordi- this remark; and of it, what is evident? nary current of discourse, how should Of some writers, what is observed? we express ourselves? Where do other what instance is given; and to it, what writers make it a practice of omitting | is owing? From what will this appear? the relative? What examples are Of what is he speaking? Repeat the given? Of this eliptical style, what is passage. Of this passage, what is obremarked? How, therefore, should served? On opening any page of Mr. these sentences be written? What is Addison, what will we see? What exthe first observation, made on the copu- ample is given? How does this style lative and; and what sort of effect has compare with the style of Lord it? To illustrate this remark, from Shaftesbury? whom is an example taken; and of Whether we practice inversion or what is he speaking? Repeat the pas-not, what is a point of great moment? How is this remark illustrated? How How would the two circumstances, will this be made clearer? Repeat it. Of some time ago, and in conversation, this sentence, what is observed? What have had a better effect? What furdoes it contain; yet of these, what is ther illustrations given from Lord remarked? Further to illustrate this Bolingbroke; and how may the arsubject, what different arrangement is rangement be improved? What is the given; and what is said of it? What last rule given, relating to the strength is the fourth rule for constructing sen- of a sentence? Why is this rule given? tences with strength? What is it call- When it is otherwise, what is the coned; and how is it always considered? sequence? Thus, what says Lord BoWhy does this sort of arrangement lingbroke; and how might the opposi please? What says Quintilian? Of this tion have been rendered more complete? beauty, whose orations furnish us with Repeat the passage from Mr. Pope's many examples? What naturally led preface to his Homer, which fully exhum to the study of it; and what does emplifies this rule? Of periods, thus he generally do? What instance is constructed, what is remarked; but of given from him, and also from Lord what must we beware? When only Bolingbroke? What observation must, ought it to be studied? If such a conhowever, be made? What remark fol-struction be aimed at in all our sentenlows? What is there approaching to a ces, what will be the consequence? Of climax, which it is a general rule to the style of Isocrates, among the anfollow? What twofold reason is there cients, what is remarked? This refor this last direction? What illustra-mark, finishes what? For what two tion follows? In general, what is al- reasons has our author insisted on this ways agreeable? What illustration of subject fully; and why? How is this this remark is given from Mr. Addison? illustrated? In what does every one What is the fifth rule for the strength feel this; and what follows? What is of sentences? Of such conclusions, the fundamental rule for the construcwhat is observed? There are sentences tion of sentences? What arrangements of what kind; and in this case, what strike us as beautiful; and to this point, follows? What illustration is given what have tended? Under what cirfrom Lord Bolingbroke? Of what parts cumstances, would there be occasion of speech does our author now speak; for few rules? What properties would and how should they always be dispo- their sentences then acquire; and why? sed? Agreeably to this rule, what Of what are embarrassed, obscure, and should we always avoid? What in- feeble sentences, the result? What have stance is noticed? Why do all correct here astrict connexion; and what follows? writers shun this phraseology? For the same reason, what verbs should we not employ in closing sentences? In preference to which, what should be used? Of the pronoun it, as a closing word, what is remarked; and when, especially, should it be avoided? In what noble sentence from the Spectator, is the bad effect of this close sensibly perceived? With what word should it have closed? Besides particles and pronouns, what always brings. up the rear of a sentence with a bad grace? By what sentence may we judge of this? Of the last phrase, to say no more, what is observed? With what is the proper disposition of such circumstances in a sentence often attended; and why? What says Quintilian? When the sense admits it, where should they be placed? On this subject, what rule is given; and with what provision? What instance follows? Strength. ANALYSIS. 1. Redundant words. A. Redundant members. A. The splitting of particles. c. The copulative und. D. Copulatives further illustrated. 3. The proper disposition of the ca pita! words. A. The advantages of the Greek and Latin languages. B. The subject further illustrated. 4. Theorder of succession in sentences 5. Sentences not to be concluded with 6. adverbs, &c. Similarity of language in contrast ed sentences. 7. A fundamental rule. LECTURE XIII. STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES.... HARMONY. HITHERTO We have considered sentences, with respect to their meaning, under the heads of perspicuity, unity, and strength. We are now to consider them, with respect to their sound, their haimony or agreeableness to the ear; which was the last quality belonging to them that I proposed to treat of. 6 Sound is a quality much inferior to sense; yet such as must not be disregarded. For, as long as sounds are the vehicle of conveyance for our ideas, there will be always a very considerable connexion between the idea which is conveyed, and the nature of the sound which conveys it. Pleasing ideas can hardly be transmitted to the mind by means of harsh and disagreeable sounds. The imagination revolts as soon as it hears them uttered. Nihil,' says Quintilian, 'potest intrare in affectum, quod in aure, velut quodam vestibulo, statim offendit."* Music has naturally a great power over all men, to prompt and facilitate certain emotions; insomuch, that there are hardly any dispositions which we wish to raise in others, but certain sounds may be found concordant to those dispositions, and tending to promote them. Now, language may, in some degree, be rendered capable of this power of music; a circumstance which must needs heighten our idea of language as a wonderful invention. Not content with simply interpreting our ideas to others, it can give them those ideas enforced by corresponding sounds; and, to the pleasure of communicating thought, can add the new and separate pleasure of melody. In the harmony of periods, two things may be considered. First, agreeable sound, or modulation in general, without any particular expression: Next, the sound so ordered, as to become expressive of the sense. The first is the more common; the second, the higher beauty. First, let us consider agreeable sound, in general, as the proper. ty of a well-constructed sentence: and, as it was of prose sentences we have hitherto treated, we shall confine ourselves to them under this head. This beauty of musical construction in prose, it is plain, will depend upon two things; the choice cf words, and the arrangement of them. I begin with the choice of words; on which head, there is not much to be said, unless I were to descend into a tedious and fiivolous detail concerning the powers of the several letters, or simple sounds, of which speech is composed. It is evident, that words Nothing can enter into the affections, which stumbles at the threshold by offending the ear.' are most agreeable to the ear which are composed of smooth and liquid sounds, where there is a proper intermixture of vowels and consonants; without too many harsh consonants rubbing against each other; or too many open vowels in succession, to cause a hiatus, or disagreeable aperture of the mouth. It may always be assumed as a principle, that whatever sounds are difficult in pronunciation, are, in the same proportion, harsh and painful to the ear. Vowels give softness; consonants, strength to the sound of words. The music of language requires a just proportion of both; and will be hurt, will be rendered either grating or effeminate, by an excess of either. Long words are commonly more agreeable to the ear than monosyllables. They please it by the composition, or succession of sounds which they present to it: and accordingly, the most musical languages abound most in them. Among words of any length, those are the most musical, which do not run wholly either upon long or short syllables, but are composed of an intermixture of them; such as repent, produce, velocity, celerity, independent, impetuosity. 6 The next head, respecting the harmony which results from a proper arrangement of the words and members of a period, is more complex, and of greater nicety. For, let the words themselves be ever so well chosen, and well sounding, yet, if they be ill disposed, the music of the sentence is utterly lost. In the harmonious structure and disposition of periods, no writer whatever, ancient or modern, equals Cicero. He had studied this with care; and was fond, perhaps to excess, of what he calls, the Plena ac numerosa oratio. We need only open his writings to find instances that will render the effect of musical language sensible to every ear. What, for example, can be more full, round, and swelling, than the following sentence of the 4th Oration against Catiline? Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quantâ virtute stabilitam libertatem, quanta Deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox pene delerit.' In English, we may take, for an instance of a musical sentence, the following from Milton, in his Treatise on Education: 'We shall conduct you to a hill-side, laborious indeed, at the first ascent; but else, so smooth, so green, so full of goodly prospects, and melodious sounds, on every side, that the harp of Orpheus was not more charming.' Every thing in this sentence conspires to promote the harmony. The words are happily chosen ; full of liquid and soft sounds; laborious, smooth, green, goodly, melodious, charming: and these words so artfully arranged, that were we to alter the collocation of any one of them, we should, presentlv, be sensible of the melody suffering. For, let us observe, how finely the members of the period swell one above another. 'So smooth, so green'-'so full of goodly prospects, and melodious sounds on every side;'-till the ear, prepared by this gradual rise, Is conducted to that full close on which it rests with pleasure;—that the harp of Orpheus was not more charming.' The structure of periods, then, being susceptible of a very sensible melody, our next inquiry should be, how this melodious structure is formed, what are the principles of it, and by what laws it is regulated? And, upon this subject, were I to follow the ancient rhetoricians, it would be easy to give a great variety of rules. For here they have entered into a very minute and particular detail; more particular, indeed, than on any other head that regards language. They hold, that to prose as well as to verse, there belong certain numbers, less strict, indeed, yet such as can be ascertained by rule. They go so far as to specify the feet as they are called, that is, the succession of long and short syllables, which should enter into the different members of a sentence, and to show what the effect of each of these will be. Wherever they treat of the structure of sentences, it is always the music of them that makes the principal object. Cicero and Quintilian are full of this. The other qualities of precision, unity, and strength, which we consider as of chief importance, they handle slightly; but when they come to the junctura et numerus,' the modulation and harmony, there they are copious. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, one of the most judicious critics of antiquity, has written a treatise on the Composition of Words in a Sentence, which is altogether confined to their musical effect. He makes the excellency of a sentence to consist in four things; first, in the sweetness of single sounds; secondly, in the composition of sounds, that is, the numbers or feet; thirdly, in change or variety of sound; and fourthly, in sound suited to the sense. On all these points he writes with great accuracy and refinement: and is very worthy of being consulted; though were one now to write a book on the structure of sentences, we should expect to find the subject treated of in a more extensive manner. In modern times, this whole subject of the musical structure of discourse, it is plain, has been much less studied; and indeed, for several reasons, can be much less subjected to rule. The reasons, it will be necessary to give, both to justify my not following the tract of the ancient rhetoricians on this subject, and to show how it has come to pass, that a part of composition, which once made so conspicuous a figure, now draws much less attention. In the first place, the ancient languages, I mean the Greek and the Roman, were much more susceptible than ours, of the graces and the powers of melody. The quantities of their syllables were more fixed and determined; their words were longer and more sonorous; their method of varying the terminations of nouns and verbs, both introduced a greater variety of liquid sounds, and freed them from that multiplicity of little auxiliary words which we are obliged to employ; and what is of the greatest consequence, the inversions which their languages allowed, gave them the power of placing their words in whatever order was most suited to a musical arrangement. All these were great advantages which they enjoyed above us, for harmony of period. In the next place, the Greeks and Ronians, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical nations than we; their genius was more turned to delight in the melody of speech. Music is known to have been a more extensive art among them than it is with us; more generally studied, and applied to a greater variety |