Elements of Surveying and Leveling

adjusted axis azimuth back-sight base-line bearing chain chord clamp the vernier column compass corresponding Cosine Cosine D Cotang course cross-wires curve declination arc degree of curvature degrees determined difference of level direction divided east elongation equal error example feet fore-sight given ground height of instrument hence horizontal distance horizontal line inches intersection latitude and departure length logarithm magnetic magnetic bearing magnetic declination main socket mantissa marked measured method needle notes observed offsets parallel perpendicular plane plane of reference plot plumb-bob plumb-line position protractor radius reading right angles scale sextant shaft side Sine slope solar Solar Compass stakes station straight line subtracted surface survey surveyor taken Tang tangent points tangent screw telescope transit trapezoids traverse triangle true meridian tunnel vernier plate wwwwwwwww zero