The Leeds wheat being fown fo very thin, made fuch a bad appearance all the winter, and early part of the fpring, that I really thought I had fpoilt my crop of it for this year. A man, in walking over it, might have found vacant spaces enough to tread almost every-where, and fcarcely have touched a blade of corn. But, as the year advanced, it recovered its reputation, and made as good a figure as any of the neighbouring fields; which being very fine, had before fhewn it to the utmost disadvantage. I had the field well weeded twice; it was reaped, as well the Leeds wheat as the Lammas, the 10th of Auguft, and houfed the 13th, without any rain. We had five large waggon-loads of the former, being forty-feven thraves and fix fheaves; and one load more, being 8 thraves and 12 fheaves, of the red.

But it was not poffible to distinguish and divide the two forts with an exact precision. In the part where they lay fo near to each other as to be neceffarily intermixed, we could only keep the mixed wheat by itself, and proportion it at the thrashing, to the belt of our judgment, fo as to do juftice to both.

In all that was intended for feed, we again took the utmost care not to leave any red wheat amongst it, by keeping a woman in the barn to draw out every ear while the Leeds wheat was thrashing.

We had from the barn just fifty bushels of the Leeds wheat, and seven bufhels and one peck of the red. But there afterwards appeared to be a small mistake fomewhere, though I could not find out what it was caufed by, as I was confined to the house, and my fon was much abroad at the time.

When the account came to be made out, after the wheat was all cleaned and delivered from the granary, there was of the Lammas wheat just seven bufhels, and of the Leeds no more than forty-nine bufhels and one peck; a difference rather too great to be blown away in dust. This was all Monmouth measure *; fo the clear produce of the little field was 61 bushels and a half of the latter, and 8 buthels and 3 pecks of the former; in all 70 bushels and 1 peck, Winchester measure.

This quantity of the Leeds wheat was equal to 113,767 of my little pill

Monmouth measure is ten gallons per bushel.

boxes, which made an increase upon this year's crop of twenty-feven and a half to one.

And the whole advance upon my three years crops, from the original two boxes and 25 grains, was fifty-fix thousand to one.

The increase upon the Lammas wheat fown this year, as above, was fixteen to one, fuppofing the quantity fown to be one peck and three quarters, which" was as near the truth as I could make out; for my man did not give me an opportunity of meafuring back what remained of the half-bufhel he took out to low.

The great difproportion in the produce of these two forts of wheat feemed to furnish a good inducement to continue the culture of the new; though this difference might probably, in fome degree, arife from the Leeds wheat being scattered fo much thinner than the Lamas; for, I think, it is not to be doubted that grain fown very thin will, if the land is good, and the crop well weeded, produce a much larger increase, with refpect to the quantity of feed, than that which is fown thick.

But how far this is the cafe, as well as what difference per acre may be expected in the real produce and profits of corn that is thick or thin fown, are queftions which feem worthy of being well afcertained by the most exact and repeated experiments.

If I fhould live to make any farther trials with this new wheat worth communicating, Mr. Taylor may in such cafe confider this narrative as not yet concluded.

If I was too hafty in giving a name to his wheat, I defire his excufe; and in cafe he should like any other name better, either to be taken from the gentleman who was firft known to raise it, or the place where it firft grew, or from any other circumftance, it is not » yet too late to make the alteration. 1780.

March 30. Mr. Whyrhole this day told me it makes excellent bread; and the fame quantity of grain produces much more flour than the best old wheat of this country. J. T.

It may be fome fatisfaction to the gentlemen concerned in thefe experiments, to be informed, that white wheat is now generally made ufe of in Kent and Surry, by way of change of feed, and fucceeds very well in that refpect; and that millers give it the preference to red.

33. Falls addressed to the Landbolders, Stockholders, Merchants, Farmers, Manualue es, Proprietors of every Defcription, and generally to all the Subjects of Great Britain and Ireland. 8vo. Johníon. 25. Ti proteffed denign of this address,

-

the writer fays, is to direct the attention of the people to the true source of all their evils, and to point out to them the only means of falvation. To this end, he recurs to three motions made in the Houfe of Lords. The first by his Grace of Richmond, Dec. 7,1779 (which see, vol. xlix. p. 612): the fecond by the Earl of Shelburne, who on the 15th of the fame month moved, "That the alarming addition annually making to the prefent enormous national debt, under the head of Extraordinaries incurred in the different fervices, requires immediate check and controul; the encreafing the public expence beyond the grants of Parliament, being at all times an invafion of the fundamental rights of Parliament, and the utmost œconomy being indifpenfably neceffaryin the prefent reduced and deplorable ftate of the landed and mercantile intereft of Great Britain and Ireland." The third, by the fame Nobleman on the fame day, who, having loft his firft motion, moved, "That the Lords be fummoned for Tuefday the 8th of February, to take into confideration a motion," That a committee be appointed, confifting of members of both Houses, poffeffing neither employment nor pention, to examine without delay into the public expenditure and the mode of accounting for the fame; more particularly into the manner of all contracts; and at the fame time to take into confideration what favings can be made, confiftent with public dignity, juftice, and gratitude, by an abolition of old and new-created offices, the duties of which have either ceaied, or shall upon enquiry prove inadequate to the fees, or other emoluments arifing therefrom; or by the reduction of fuch falaries, or other allowances and profits, as may appear to be unieaforable; that the fame may be applied to leffen the prefent ruinous expenditure; and to enable us to carry on the prefent war against the House of Bourbon, with

bat decifion and vigour, which can alone refult from national zeal, confidence, and unanimity."

Te enforce the propriety of the first stion, it is obferved, that in the ear times of oui conftitution the whole

expence of the state was borne by the crown, aided, indeed, upon fome extraordinary occafions, by the people; and if the King was then vefted with the fole power of appointing his own fervants, their mifmanagement principally affected the King himself; but now, that the people bear the whole burden, they alone fuffer all the consequences of misconduct and mifcarriage. Is it not then reasonable, that the King fhould contribute towards the prefent unexampled expenfive war, in proportion to the burdens of his people; more especially when it is confidered that his enormous civil lift has not only received a very confiderable addition, but that it is divided among thofe very men whofe votes and counfels have deprived us of three millions of induftrious fellow-fubjects?

The aim of the fecond motion was, to have taken from minifters more dangerous, because unlimited, civil lifts, which in the army and navy depart ments (exclufive of the ordnance) amount at present to SIX MILLIONS annually.

The third motion is directed against our most formidable enemies, fraudulent contractors, ufeless placemen, unworthy penfioners. Thefe are the fatal troops that have baffled the forces of this kingdom; have been voting away the liberties of the people; the dignity of parliament,-the greatness of the King. A King of Great Britain fhould be great even among kings. But why speak of kings, fays the wiiter, when the very exiftence of the ftate is at stake! He then proceeds to ftate his Facts, which he confiders under feveral diftinct heads.

1. Expence of the war, fuppofing peace to have been fettled in 1779.This he cftimates at 47,457,500 l. in. cluding funded and unfunded debts, together with the continuance of pay to forces by fea and land, and what in the familiar phrafe is called winding up the bottom. Add to this, that, fuppofing the war to be continued for yea's (as Mr. Eden fays it probably will), it cannot add lefs every year to the debt than 13 millions.- Nothing, fays the writer, can terrify, if this does not.

2. Principles of finance in France. To what was faid on this head by Mr. Burke, (see p. 134) we shall just tran fcribe a paflage or two from the French King's Edict, which appears to us the most hiking. Being made fenfible, tays his Majefty, of the advantages of opening

་་

opening a registry in the Royal Treafury, by which the exact balance of our receipt and expences may be seen, but being at the fame time aware that this method will render the state of our finances much lefs fecret than heretofore, yet, as we shall thereby establish our credit on a fure and solid foundation, we may with confidence conclude, that the lefs we shall spread a veil over the state of our finances and their administration, the better claim we shall have to the love and confidence of our people."-The confequence of this economy we have already stated from Mr. Burke's speech, p. 134.

3. The King's civil lift. Here we fhall take it for granted, that every one knows that his Majefty thankfully accepted at his acceffion the fixed fum of 800,000l. instead of the uncertain duties formerly granted for fupporting the civil government; and that Mr. Legge, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, gave in the King's name the most folemn affurances to Parliament, that his Majesty would ftri&tly confine his expences to the ample provifion then made for him ; his Majefty having previously declared, in his fpeech from the throne, Nov. 20, 1760, that on his part they might be affured of a regular and becoming oeconomy." But notwithstanding thefe declarations, in 1769, more than half a million was voted to discharge the debts which his Majefty had incurred; on the receipt of which, after returning his particular thanks, he thus addreffes the Commons: "Your readiness in relieving me from the difficulties increafing upon me from the continuance of that debt,

I fhall ever confider as an additional motive for me to endeavour to confine the expences of my civil government within fuch bounds as the honour of my crown can possibly admit." Here the writer notes the change of lan guage, intentions, and conduct produced by the change of counsellors and minifters. In 1760 the King's promife is abfolute," ftrictly to confine his expences to the ample provifion then made for him." In 1769, "he will endeavour to confine his expences within fuch bounds as the honour of his crown can possibly admit."

The writer's proofs of economy are thus fated:

Minifters to foreign courts. In K.William's time, when Great Britain was at the head of the most powerful alliance ever formed, Same article, in the last most glorious war of Geo. II.

Latter years of his prefent Majefty, without fingle ally, per ann. Secret fervice money. K. Geo. II. in his last glorious war,

In 1777,

98,000

44,000

86,000

Pensions avowedly paid out of the King's civil lift.

Late King's reign, per an. 68,000 Prefent reign,

127,000

&c.

4. Extraordinaries of the army, (Lord North's civil ́list.) Among a variety of comparisons equally aftonishing, the following may ferve as a fample:

Extraordinaries of K. Wil

liam's war of nine years, 1,200,000 Extraordinaries of Queen

Anne's war of 11 years, 2,000,000 Extraordinaries of the last

5.

year only of the prefent war 3,026,137 Remittances to North America, of which no account has been given to Parliament. In 1775, 1776,

408,809

799.973

On this fubordinate head the writer is very full. It is thus ftated: That, at the very time that Lord North was agreeing with Mr. Atkinson for rum. to be delivered in Jamaica at 4s. 4d. per gallon, the Navy-board was buying Ja

maica rum here in London at the maft

head for 2 s. . 2 d. per gallon, including freight, infurance, lockage, commiffion, &c. from all which articles of expence Mr. Atkinson's rum was totally free. This contract underwent afterwards a parliamentary difcuffion, where, notwithstanding the enormity was proved, the contractor was fupported, and afterwards employed. 7. Bills drawn by Governors in Ame

59,990

Fre

From a variety of others, the following are selected:

19,017

25,000 20,135

Gov. of Tobago in one year Gov. of Virginia one year Gov. of Eaft Florida, 2 years Gov. of Grenada, 2 ditto 21,750 Gov. of Dominica, 2 ditto 24,812 Gov. of St. Vincent's, 2 ditto 26,993 Lord North faid, the laft governor had of his own authority created a Carib war, and had thereby incurred great expences; but dropt not a word of blame for the injuftice and cruelty of fuch a war, though to that was owing the lofs of the island.

8. Extraordinary appointments and contingent bills.

Formerly new appointments were dealt out fparingly, and contingent bills were almost unknown; but, in the course of the prefent war, quarter maf ters general, adjutants general, commif. fioners general, deputy affifants, officers of every denomination, from five bil. lings to five pounds a day, have multiplied to an alarming degree; infomuch that the commiffariot in North America alone is faid to exceed 30,000l. a year, befides contingent expences without limitation.

9. Prefents to Indians.

In the laft war, before the tomahawk and fcalping knife were confidered as inftruments which God and Nature (fee vol. xlix.) had put into our hands for our defence, this article was a very trifling expence; but for the four first years of this war has cost no lefs than 138,744).

10. Ordnance.

Under this article the writer has many comparative statements, by which it appears, that the whole expence of the prefent five years war to 1778, exceeds the whole expence of the last seven years war by the full fum of 160,563 1.

11. Navy debt (Lord Sandwich's civil lift).

In 1755, 1,978,070 In 1775, 2,698,579 1756, 2,238,009 1776, 3,624,420 1757, 3,462,967 1777, 4.003,579 1778, 5,179,000

1758, 4,575,428

In 1762 (the highest year of the last war) it amounted to

In 1779 (the year preced

5,929,124

ing the prefent) to 8,012,415 From this enormous civil lift of the navy, as from a cpious fource, the writer fays, flows all thofe abufes which have been fo loudly complained of.

12. The laft head of profufion, wich which the writer charges the minister, is, the ruinous terms on which the borrowed money is raised; but this depending upon calculations which we do not well understand, we refer fuch of our readers, who may be intelligent in that particular branch, to the pamphlet itfelf, where they will find an ample field for the exercise of their numerical talents, be they ever fo extentenfive.

This celebrated pamphlet concludes, as it began, with an address to the landholders, &c. in which it is afferted, that the powers of corruption, which have been thought more than fufficient for all the purposes of all former adminiftrations, inftead of fatisfying the inordinate appetites of our prefent minifters of defpotifm, have only imparted to ther the daring confidence of till further augmenting that corrupton to to fcandalous a degree, that if his Majefty fhould now chute to promote his poftilion, or, with the Roman Emperor, his barfe, to the office of First Lord of the Treasury, his neigh would be attended by as great a majority as that which now follows the heels of the prefent noble Lord in poffeffion.

33. A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Richard Watfon, King's Profeffor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. 8vo. 15. Cadell.

THE extraordinary fermon which occafions this addrefs was noticed p. 141. The writer fays, "he partook formerly of the fame board, but is now fettled in an obfcure vicarage." With great regard for the Profeffor's perTonal character, he deals very freely with his late publication and politics. At the conclufion he fays, "It has been my endeavour to fhew, that, by the manner of your deductions, the beft principles of Government may be tortured not only to overturn the prefent fyftem in our own country, but every Government on earth: I subfcribe to your principles most fincerely, but in the application of these the fallacy of all political reafoning lies. My aim is, to bring rational people back to the admiration of that conftitution, which, with all its errors and corruptions, is ftill the nobleft in the world;---to warn them against the seduction of over-heated zealots in the caufe of Liberty;-to fhew them that charges of bribery, corruption, and

venality

venality, have been the cant of oppofition in all countries and all ages;- to teach them, that, when that oppofition has obtained its own ends, the people will be forgotten as much as they have been by all former oppofitions; and to fet forth the danger every free people runs in fubverting fundamentals on account of evils, which, though visible, are not deftructive; though livid on the furface, not yet cankerous at the heart.

"You, Sir, hold a different courfe; and, as mankind have ever delighted in abuse of their fuperiors, as the fenfe of evil is much stronger than the perception of good,-your argument muft be popular, while mine will be fcorned, flouted, and derided ;-ftill I had rather be Abdiel than Belial, Moloch, or Satan."

34. Remarks on Johnson's Life of Milton.. To which are added, Milton's Tractate of Education, and Areopagitica. 2s. 6d. Jewed. Payne, &c.

THESE Remarks, we are told in an advertisement, "are a small part of a work lately given to the public, wherein occafion is incidentally taken to exhibit fome inftances of the manner in which Milton's character has been treated by fome of his former biographers and others. Ahout the time that fpecimen was clofed, Dr. Johnfon's New Narrative was thrown in the way of the editors, and could not be overlooked without leaving fome of the more candid and capable judges of Milton's profe-writings to fuffer by the illiberal reflections of certain (perhaps well-meaning) men, who may be led to think that truth, judgment, and impartiality are fmall matters, when contrafted with what Dr. Johnfon's admirers have thought fit to call an inimitable elegance of ftyle and compofition. Our countrymen are certainly interested, that wrong representations of the character of fo capital a writer as John Milton fhould be corrected, and properly cenfured; and therefore, as the work from which the following Remarks are extracted may fall into the hands of a very few of the numerous readers of Dr. Johnfon's Prefaces, we hope the public will approve of our republihing thefe ftrictures on the Doctor's account of Milton, in a form to which may be had an easier and more general accefs."

"Memoirs of Mr. Hollis;" which have not yet come within our inspection,

"We were in hope" (fay the Editors of thefe Remarks) "that we had done with Milton's Biographers; and had little forefight that fo accomplished an artificer of language would have condefcended to bring up the rear of his hiftorians. But it was not for the reputation of Dr. Johnfon's politics that Milcon fhould be abused for his principles of Liberty by a lefs eminent hand than his own. The minute fnarlers, or fpumofe declaimers against the fentiments and diction of Milton's profe-works, had ceafed to be regarded, till the maxims of fome of those who pay Dr. Johnfon's quarterages had occafioned an enquiry into the genuine principles of the English Government, when the writings of Milton, Sydney, Locke, &c. which the moderation of the laft reign had left in fome degree of neglect, were now taken down from the fhelves where they had fo long repofed, to confront the doctrines which, it had been prefumed, would never more come into fashion. No man contributed more to restore the esteem and credit of thefe noble patriotic writers than the late ever-to-be honoured Mr. Hollis, of whofe beautiful and accurate editions of Sydney's Difcourfes, of Locke on Government and Toleration, and of Toland's Life of Milton, we have fpoken largely in another place. Dr. Johnfon's peace of mind required that this recovering taste of the public fhould not ripen into appetite, particularly for Milton's works, whofe reputation he had formerly taken fo much elegant pains to depreciate. The fource of his difaffection to Milton's principles can be no fecret to those who have been converfant in the controverlies of the times. Dr. Johnson's early and well known attachments will fufficiently account for it; and pofterity will be at no lofs to determine whether our biographer's veneration was paid to the White Rofe or

the Red*."

It is not to be wondered at, if the old ftory of Lauder fhould be revived in thefe Remarks. (Our Magazine, it is well known, was the first theatre on which thofe remarkable scenes were exhibited.)

"In his alliance with Dr. Johnson, cemented by their mutual antipathy to Milton's principles of civil and reli gious government, Lauder found a

See Preface to Milton, p. 2.

paterna