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count of the manners, customs, &c. of the Japanese, being new and curious, fhall be extracted in a future number.

ART. X. Account of an extraordinary Appearance in a Mift. By Mr. William Cockin.

The additional rows of colours of the fpecies of image here defcribed are confidered by Dr. Priestley as one of the defiderata of optics. It was obferved in a mitt near Lancaster, Jan. 13, 1768, and is particularly described by the help of a beautiful engraving.

ART. XI. Memoria sopra il l'eleno, &c. (or,) An Efay on the American Poifon called Tuunas. By the Abbé Fontana, &c.

By feveral experiments the Abbé proved, that the vapours or fumes of this Indian poifon, when fmeiled to or breathed, are innocent; that it is neither an acid, nor an alkali, nor compofed of faits that are visible even with the microscope; that it is not in the Jeaft hurtful when applied to the eyes; but that when taken in by the mouth in large dofes, it is fatal; that, applied to the skin flightly scratched, it is alfo generally fatal; that it acts on the blood, and not on the nerves, &c. &c. But it is painful to purfue this fubject, for we are fo unphilofophical as to own that this knowledge feems to us dearly purchased with the lives and torments of above 40 pigeous, 20 Guinea-pigs, and 30 rabbits, besides hens, frogs, eels, &c. The Abbé "found," he says, "a great difficulty in procuring animals." We are forry he could procure fo many. Annexed are fome experiments made with the oil of tobacco and the water of the lauro-ceratus, equally painful tó hụmanity.

ART, XII. A Conjecture concerning the Mathod by which Cardan's Rules for refolving the Cubic Equation x3 +9x=r in all Cafes, (or in all Magnitudes of the known Quantities g and r), and the Cubic Equation x3-qx=r is the first Case of it, for 29√9 2r 3√39

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is greater covered by Scipio Ferreus, of Bononia, or whoever else was the firft Inventor of them. By Francis Maferes, Eq. F. R. S. Curfitor-Baron of the Exchequer.

What was faid of ART. V. is equal. ly applicable to this.

ART. XIII. A new Melbod of

treating the Fifula Lachrymalis. By Mr. William Blizard, Surgeon, F.A.S.

In the cafe here related, the tears, febaceous matter, and mucus, did not pals through the nafal duct, or but in a very small proportion to the quantities fecreted. At the first experiment made with an inftrument here defcribed and drawn, quick flyer did not pafs; but quick-filver, tears, &c. have fince readily paffed. In the first or fimple stage of the diforder, this operation, which is fimple and easy, may probably avail. The patient a fadler in

was Mr. M BMark-lane.

ART. XIV. A Continuation of a Meteorological Diary, kept at Fart St. George, on the Coaft of Coromandel. By Mr. William Roxburgh, AfiflantSurgeon to the Hospital at the faid Fort.

This Diary begins March 1, 1777, and ends May 31, 1778. Greatest height of the thermometer (without doors) 104, leaft 64: barometer 30, 04

and 29, 14,

ART. XV. A Journal of the Weather at Montreal. By Mr. Barr, Purveyor to his Majy's Hofpitals in Canada.

This Journal begins Dec. 1, 1778, and ends April 15, 1779. Greatest height of the thermometer (Apr. 15,) 50 above o; leaft (Jan. 19) 22 below o.

ART. XVI. Meteorological Jour nal kept at the House of the Royal So ciety, by Order of the Prefident and Council.

This article (as usual) closes the volume.

70. A free Address to those who have petitioned for the Repeal of the late All of Parliament, in favour of the Roman-Ca. tholics. Sm. 8vo. pr. ad. J. Johnson.

THE writer of this Addrefs, after fhewing that chriftianity and protef tantifm want none of thofe aids which the kingdoms of this world require to fupport them, and after thewing likewife that all coercive means are contrary to the very genius of chriftianity, proceeds as follows:

"But, independent of the peculiar fpirit of chriftianity, which the beft of us are too apt to lofe fight of, let us confider our conduct as that of men to men, who bave equal zeal for their refpe&ive tenets, and may have equal power, Can we coerce others with out vindicating those who coerce us

with.

without fetting them an example, and therefore, in fact, urging them to proceed in the fame manner?

"Proteftants fhould not forget that there fill are, as well as have been, Papists; and though their power be happily at an end in this country, it fubfts in its full force abroad, and in countries where there are Proteftants. And in feveral countries where the government is popith, there are more Proteftants than there are Papilts here. At the fame time, therefore, that Pretestants are as much under the power of Papins there, as Papifts are under the power of Proteftants here, the plea of danger from them may be more plausibly alleged. While, therefore, you are demolishing the houfes, property, and churches of Papifts here, you are urging the Papifts to demolish the houses, property, and churches of the Proteftants abroad. That is, you are in fat doing it yourselves; and you may be thankful if you do not hear of fuch outrages being actually committed by Papifts upon Proteftants in foreign countries. Their zeal, and confequently their indignation, is not lefs than yours; and it is not your opinion that they have more christian meeknefs and forbearance.

"If then you would know how you hould behave to Papifts here, the anfwer is obvious, viz. in the very fame manner in which you would have Papifts behave to Proteftants abroad. You should thew the favour you wish to receive, and forbear as you with to be forborne with yourselves.

"You are no advocates, you fay, for perfecuting the Papifts; and that you, who affociated for the purpose of getting a repeal of the late act in favour of ropery, were not the perfons who burned houfes, demolished the public prifons, and let a number of defperate banditti loose upon the public, I am willing to hope that this may have been the cafe. But fill, in the very foliciting of the repeal of that act, you applied to the civil authority, for power to lay perfons profeffing the Roman Catholic religion under fuch reriions, and to expose them to fuch penalties, as you would be very forry that you yourselves hould lie under, and be expofed to, if Divine Provi-" dence had fixed your abode in a Popish

country.

"The law you have taken fo much offence at only gave Papits leave to purchase lands, and took off fome very

fevere and injudicious penalties, which put them in the power of mercenary informers, for performing acts of their religion, or teaching school. It by no means authorited the public exer, cife of that religion, nor did it give them any power to teach school at all. It is fill a hundred pounds penalty, and imprifonment for a year, to read or hear mass, and it is death to make a convert to the Popish religion; and this is much more than the civil power does with refpe&t to Christianity in Turkey.

You reply, that any indulgence fhews the good will that government bears them, and will encourage them to prefume upon farther favour. This, I own, is natural. But if, by their peaceable behaviour, they fhall appear to have defered farther indulgence, why should it not be granted them? Would not you think this a reasona ble thing in your own cafe, if you lived in France ?

"You fay that Popery is favourable to arbitrary power, and that the favour the court fhews them is a proof of their being unfriendly to the civil liberties of this country, and that this circumstance has been the cause of the late act, and of all that has of late been done in favour of the Papifts. But the liberal-minded in the oppofition were as much friends to the bill, at the time of its paffing, as any in the adminiftration, and even took a more active part in promoting it, Admit. ting all that you allege, we ought to rejoice, if, from any principle, men do what is in itself right. It is ufual, in the course of Divine Providence, for good to come out of evil; for men to mean one thing, and God, whofe inftruments they are, another.

"It is, however, by no means true, that Popery, as fuch, is hoftile to civil liberty, though of late it has happened to be fo in this country. Was not all Europe Catholic fome centuries ago? But were the princes more defpotic, or the people more abject daves than they are now? The contrary is known to be the cafe. Was there no fpirit of liberty in England before the Refor mation? Are there not now Popish Swifs Cantons as well as Proteftant ones? and for any thing that I know to the contrary, they are equally zealous republicans, and would with, equal reluctance fubmit to a foreign power, merely because it was a cathoFic one. Their noblelt exertions in

favour of their liberties were in an age long preceding the Reformation.

"In this country we make the Papifts our enemies by becoming theirs. If we would make them friends, we mutt, as they are in our power, first act a friendly part towards them. Remove all the reftrations they are under, and then affign any reafon, if you can, why they should not be as much attached to this country, and the government of it, as any other fubjects. If they were made perfectly eaty with respect to their religion, and their civil rights, what could they have more under a Popish prince? And depend upon it, that, being men like ourselves, and having lived in a free country, they know the value of civil liberty as much as you do, and would rifk as much for it."

From this fhort fpecimen the Lo. vers of Peace will judge of the fpirit with which this Addrefs is written. It is to reconcile the minds of men who differ in modes of faith to one another, and promote good will and mutual forbearance; and with this view we mott heartily recommend it to all ferious chriftians.

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71. The Commercial Refraints of IreJand confidered. In a Serves of Letters to a noble Lord. 8vo. Longman. IN thefe Letters, which are written with great candour and moderation, the difcouragement of the woollen manufacturers, by the English act of 1699, is confidered as the principal caule of the prefent diftielles of the kingdom of Ireland. About the time of Henry the VIIth, the author obferves, the English commercial fyftem, and the Irith, fo far as it depended upon the English ftatute-law, was the fame; and, before this period, fo far as it depended upon the common law and Magna Charta, was alfo the fame.

From that time until the 15th of King Charles the Second, which takes in a period of 167 years, the commercial conftitution of Ireland was as much favoured and protected as that of England.

The free enlargement" of common traffick, which his Majefty's fubjects of Ireland enjoyed," is taken notice of incidentally, in an English ftarate in the reign of King James the Ift; and in 1627 King Charles the It made a strong declaration in favour of the trade and manufactures of that country. By feveral English ftatutes

in the reign of King Charles the IId, an equal attention was thewn to the woollen manufactures in both kingdoms. In the 12th year of the fame reign, the exportation of wool, woolfelts, fullers earth, or any kind of fcowering earth, was prohibited from both. But let the reatons mentioned in the preamble for paffing this law be adverted to:-" for preventing inconveniences and loffes that happened, and that daily, do and may happen, to the kingdom of England, dominion of Wales, and kingdom of IreTand, through the fecret exportation of wool out of and from the faid kingdoms and dominions, and for the better fetting on work the poor people and inhabitants of the kingdoms and dominions atorefaid, and to the intent that the full use and benefit of the principal native commodities of the fame kingdoms and dominions may come, redound, and be unto the fubjects and inhabitants of the fame."

This was the voice of nature, and the dictate of found and general policy: it proclaimed to the natives that they thould not give to ftrangers the bread of their own children; that the produce of the foil fhould fupport the inhabitants of the country; that their industry should be exercised on their own materials; and that the poor fhould be employed, cloathed, and fed.

The fhipping and navigation of England and Ireland were at this time equally favoured and protected. By another act of the fame year, no goods or commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Afia, Africa, or America, fhould be imported into England, Ireland, or Wales, but in fhips which belong to the people of England or Ireland, the dominion of Wales, or the town of Berwick upon Tweed; or which are of the built of the faid lands, and of which the mafter and three fourths of the mariners are English; and a fubfequent ftatute makes the encouragement to navigation in both countries equal, by ordaining that the fubje&ts of Ireland and of the Plantations fhall be accounted English within the meaning of that claufe. Another law of the fame reign fhews, that the navigation, commerce, and woollen manufactures of both kingdoins were equally protected by the English legiHature. This act lays on the fame reftraints as the above-mentioned act of the 12th of Charles II. and makes the tranfgreffion ftill more penal. It re

cites, that wool, wool-felt, &c. are fecretly exported from England and Ire. land to foreign parts, to the great decay of the woollen manufactures, and the deftruction of the navigation and commerce of these kingdoms.

From these laws it appears, that the commerce, navigation, and manufactures of Ireland, were not only favour ed and protected by the English legiflature, but that it had in those times the full benefit of the Plantation trade; and whilft the woollen manufactures were protected and encouraged in England and Ireland, the planting of tobacco in both was prohibited, because it was one of the main products of feveral of the Plantations, and upon which their welfare and fubfiftance depend. This policy, the author obferves, was liberal, jutt and equal; it opened the refources, and cultivated the itrength, of every part of the Empire.

72. Experiments upon Vegetables, difcovering their great Power of purifying the common Air in the Sun-Shine, and of injuring it in the Shade and at Night. To which is joined, A new Method of examining the accurate Degree of Salubrity of the Atmosphere. By John Ingenhoufz, Counfeltor of the Court, and BodyPhysician to their Imperial and Royal Majehes, F.R.S. &c. &c. 8vo. Elmily. 65. THIS learned Hollander, he tells us, in his dedication,was recommended by Sir John Pringle to inoculate fuch of the Imperial Family of Auftria as had escaped the fmall-pox, fo deftructive to many of them. The time which his "augutt Sovereign" allowed him to spend last fummer in this ifland, he has employed, thefe pages will evince, to very useful and falutary purposes. Dr. Priestley's new divifion of air into nitrous, inflammable, phlogisticated, dephlogisticated, and fixed, is the ori gin of these experiments, which are a part of the refult of above 500, all made in less than three months. By these (among other things) it appears that the leaves of trees or plants which abforb moisture from the air, from rain, and from dew, and expofe their upper and varnished furface to the fun, yield dephlogisticared air by day, owing to the warmth of the fun, but chiefly, if not only, to the light, and poisonous

air in the night, and in the shade: this mifchievous effect is checked by cold, weather they alfo yield poifonous air by the warmth of a fire. Dead leaves yield no dephlogifticated air; and beans, peaches, or any fruits, kept in clofe rooms, are fo extremely noxious, that they would cafily poifon an unwary perfon fleeping. Flowers too are very dangerous, as they ooze out both by day and night an unwhole fome air, and contaminate common air equally in every situation. "But the mifchief which trees do by night to the furrounding air cannot do any obfervable harm to animals; for those mifchievous exhalations being, very. providentially, fpecifically lighter than the common air, rife at the fame time up and thus the lower region, in which we breathe, is freed from them almost as foon as they are produced; whereas the dephlogifticated air iffuing out of the plants in great abundance in the day-time is fpecifically heavier than common air, and is therefore inclined to remain longer among us, and to afford us all the benefit for which the Supreme Wifdom has originally deftined it." Roots left out of the ground have the fame deleterious power. A law of nature hitherto unknown, or involved in darkness, Dr. Ingen houfz has thus difcovered and brought to light; and he has also put it beyond a doubt, that "vegetables have a remarkable fhare in keeping the falubrity of our atmosphere, by imbibing thofe feptic, noxious, and phlogiftic particles which were communicated to it by the breathing of animals, &c. as well as by pouring down a most beneficial fhower of purified or dephlogifticated air."

For inaccuracies of language the author, though a foreigner, has no occafion to apologise, as we have fcarce difcovered any but shook' for 'fhaken,' and without' for unlefs;' folecitms too commou to our natives.

73. Appendix to the State of the Prisons in England and Wales †, &c. By John Howard, Efq; FR S. Containing a farther Account of Foreign Prijons and Hof pitals, with additional Remarks on the Prifons of this Country, 4to. Cadell. THE regulation of prifons having at length excited the attention of Par

"That pure, etherial, permanent, and elastic 8 aid, which was firft difcovered and fo named by Dr. Priefley. It is refpirable air deftitute of its phlogistic or inflammable principle, or really common air of the highest purity, fuch as never exifts in the common atmosphere."

Se vol. for 1777, PP. 445. 597.

GENT. MAG. for October, 1780.

liament,

liament, (thanks, in a great measure, to the muefatigable labours of this favourite of philanthropy,) and a bill, which has fince paffed into an act, (19 Gro. III. ch. 74,) being under their confideration, formed on the plan of the rafp and fpin houfes in Holland, Mr. Howard went thither in April. 1778, and has here communicated to the public his obfervations at Rotter dam, Goud, Haelem, Amlerdam, Utrecht, Deventer, Middleburg, and Breda, with a view of the houtes of correction. Going into Germany in June, he fubjoins his remarks on the prifons, &c. of Oinabrug, Brunfwick, Magdeburg, Berlin, Spandau, Lukan, Drefden, Prague, Vienna, Gratz, Laubach, and Triette. In Italy he vifited, and adds his obfervations on, the prifons and hofpitals of Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna, Florence, Leghorn, Rome, (giving a plate of the elegant and fimple front of the New Prijon, 1655, facrata deha Prigione, and a plan of the house of correction,) Civita Vecchia, Naples, and Genoa, with their galleys, Milan, (with a plan of its honte of correction,) Turin, Chamberry, and Gene

va.

In Switzerland Mr.Howard gives us his remarks on Freyburg, Berne, (with two plates, by Fifcher* and Taylor, of the employment of the crimi. nals male and female §.) Zurich, and Schaffhaufen. Returning to Germany, he visited and obferved the pri fons, &c. of Augsburg, Munich, Ratifbon, Nurenburgh, Schwabach, Ba reith, Wurfbarg, Francfort (on the Mayne), Cologne, At la Chapelle, and Liege. In Flanders he revisited fome of the pritons, &c. of Bulels, Ghent, Antwerp, and Litle: in France thofe of Amiens, Paris, giving an account and a plate of the Baftile, from a fcarce pamphlet published in 1774) and prohibited in France, St Omer's, Dunkirk, Bengues, Calus, giving a detail of the treatment of the English prifoners at the three laft places, and adding a like account of the Fench and American prisoners in England, at Plymouth, Britol, Winchefter, Forton Deal, Carlifle, and Pembroke; in Scotland, at Edinburgh cattic; and in Ireland, at Belfaft and Dublin; do

ing justice to the "care and affiduity" of the Contmiffioners of the fick and wounded. &c in London. Taking a journey into Scotland and Ireland in 1779, Mr. Howard here adds his obfervations; which are followed by remarks on the hulks on the Thames, which he found much altered for the better, thanks to the interference of Parliament. What is here faid, from his own experience, and Dr. Lind's procefs, of the gaol-fever, féms well worthy of attention. Traverfing again, on this painful but benevolent pilgrimage, his own country, Mr. Howard,beginning with the Tower,annexes an account,taken in 1779, of all the county and borough prifons in England and Wales, and concludes with mentioning his compliance with the urgent perfuafions of the legislature, in fuperintending one of his own great and useful plans, though it has broken in upon the tranquil enjoyment of that ealy competence a kind Providence has beltowed upon him; happy (he adds) in the idea that he had in fome degree been the inftrument of alleviating the fufferings of a numerous and unhappy fet of people, and had excited the attention of his countrymen to an important object of civil policy." Tables are annexed, 1. containing the regulations to be observed by the French prifoners in GreatBritain; II. the number of pritoners capitally convicted in Scotland from. January 1, 1768, to July 1, 1779, (57 condenined. 18 pardoned, 39 executed); III. Convicts executed in London and Middlef.x, from December 1, 1771, to Dec. 1779 (273); and, IV. Prifoners in England and Wales in 1779 (4379); with a complete Index.

At

We can only infert a few short extraЯs, and shall firft felect the subjects which we noticed in our former review. In Huli Bridesweli Mr. H. itill found two lunatics; one of them the raving lunatic whom he found (prob pudor!) in all his former vifits. Chelmsford county gaut there is Now a chaplan, faiary 50l. At Ho Jham the brieweil was dilcontinued, and the keeper difcharged. Of Oxford county gasi, we are told, "It is very probable that the rooms in this caftle are the

1 The milky of the prifiner here, we hope with Mr. ti, will engage the notice of an amiable prince who is the present bishop.

A painter in the ci y.

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Though I de cit (ars he the custom of exposing that sex to such ignominy and

fe erity, unless when they are talks aboned."

The number of piloners in 1776 was 4084.

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