firmly on the ground, he offers sufficient resistance to stop the bull as instantaneously as if it had been shot, though at full speed. In some cases, this check is so abrupt and violent, that the animal is not only dashed to the ground, but rolls along at the full stretch of the lasso; while the horse, drawn sideways, ploughs up the earth with his feet for several yards. This, which takes so long to describe, is the work of a few seconds; during which, the other horseman gallops past; and before the bull has time to recover from the shock, places the noose over his horns, and continues advancing till it also is at full stretch. The bull, stupified by the fall, sometimes lies motionless on the ground; but the horsemen soon rouse him up, by tugging him to and fro. When on his legs, with a horseman on each side, ́he is like a ship moored with two cables; and however unwilling he may be to accompany the guassos, or however great his struggles, he is irresistibly dragged along by them in whatever direction they please." Hall's Journal, Vol. I. p. 247.

In this style Captain Hall conducts his readers through two most entertaining volumes. He passes with the greatest ease from the revolutions of an empire to anecdotes respecting a village barber. We see both the public and private life of his acquaintance. And the moderation, good feeling and good sense of the writer, are conspicuous from the beginning to the end. He assures us, we are happy to say, that the independence of South America is achieved: and that no accidents or reverses can change the settled purpose of the people. He does not attempt to disguise the mischief occasioned by the revolution. Several of his most pleasing and pathetic descriptions relate to its innocent victims; but at the same time he points out the immense benefits of the change, the improvements which have already taken place, even amidst confusion, and civil war; and the rapid progress which national greatness and wealth must long continue to make. The excellence of the Spanish character is shewn to have survived amidst all the complicated faults of their government. And the native South Americans, although as yet they have much to learn, are represented as preparing to take a conspicuous place among the nations of the world.

The extension of British commerce which has already been effected, and the innumerable channels into which it is still about to flow, are not the most uninteresting or unimportant considerations connected with South American Independence. The land of shop-keepers should not be ashamed of its shopmen; and the unprecedented wealth, tranquillity, and comfort of every class of our fellow country

men, may be attributed in great measure to the opening of the South American market. Mr. Taylor proposes to increase the trade by increasing the riches of the country which carries it on; and his plan, far more simple, than the majority of those with which we are pestered, is to apply British enterprise, skill, and capital to the improvement of the American Mines.

His book is of the most useful and valuable description; and even after the lively narrative of.Captain Hall, we have read the Selections from Humboldt with great relish and satisfaction. They supply the only desideratum in the more general and popular work; and we recommend them to every reader who feels interested in the inquiries to which they refer. A specimen of their general manner is all that we are able to insert.

"The greatest fault observable in the mines of New Spain, and which renders the working of them extremely expensive, is the want of communication between the different works. They resemble ill constructed buildings, where, to pass from one adjoining room to another, we must go round the whole house. The mine of Valenciana is justly admired on account of its wealth, the magnificence of its walling, and the facility with which it is entered by spacious and commodious stairs; yet it exhibits only a union of small works irregularly conducted; they are as it were cul de sacs, and without any lateral communication. I mention this mine, not because it is more faulty than the others in the distribution of its Jabours, but because we might naturally suppose it to be better organized. As subterraneous geometry had been entirely neglected in Mexico, till the establishment of the School of Mines, there is no plan in existence of the works already executed. Two works in that labyrinth of cross levels and interior winzes, may happen to be very near each other, without its being possible to perceive it. Hence the impossibility of introducing, in the actual state of most of the mines of Mexico, the wheeling by means of barrows, and an economical disposition of the ore plats. A miner brought up in the mines of Freiberg, and accustomed to see so many ingenious means of conveyance practised, can hardly conceive that in the Spanish colonies, where the ores are poor though very abundant, all the metal which is taken from the vein is carried on the backs of men. The Indian tenateros, who may be considered as the beasts of burden of the mines of Mexico, remain loaded with a weight of from 250 to 380 pounds for a space of six hours. In the levels of Valenciana and Rayas, they are exposed, as we have already observed in speaking of the health of the miners, to a temperature of from 71° to 77° Fahr.; and during this time they ascend and descend several thousands of steps in shafts of an inclination of 45°. These tenateros carry the minerals in

bags (costales) made of the thread of the pité. To prevent their shoulders from being hurt, (for the miners are generally naked to the middle) they place a woollen covering (frisida) under this bag.. We met in the mines files of fifty or sixty of these porters, among whom there are men above sixty, and boys of ten or twelve years. of age. In ascending the stairs they throw the body forwards, and rest on a staff, which is generally not more than a foot in length.. They walk in a zigzag direction, because they have found from long experience, as they affirm, that their respiration is less impeded when they traverse obliquely the current of air which enters the pit: from without." Taylor, p. 191.

In taking leave of this interesting subject, we have only to express our hope that we may often be permitted to read such books as Captain Hall's and Mr. Taylor's, and that when Mrs. Graham next appears in print, she will not appear in the character of an advocate for Lord Cochrane.

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7

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