deans, Isa. xlvii. 13; at all events, their proficiency in
astronomy was merely an accident, arising out of their
pretences in astrology, Dan. ii. 2; Eastern superstitions
connected with lucky days, for all enterprises, ascer-
tained by casting lots, or pretended reading of the stars,
Esther iii. 7; astronomy and astrology much mixed up
in the East, Matt. ii. 1.

Astronomy. Astronomical calculations for the purpose of
settling Job's era, Job i. 1; observations on the constel-
lations mentioned in Job xxxviii. 31; the Magi studied
astronomy, Matt. ii. 1.

Athens. Some notice of the city and Mars' Hill (Areo-
pagus, with a copy of the cartoon of Paul preaching at
Athens, and a view of Mars' Hill, Acts xvii. 15, 19.
Avenger of blood. Exposition of the law of blood-revenge,
as illustrated by Arabian usages, Num. xxxv. 12; fur-
ther reference to Arabian usages, to illustrate the case
of Joab's slaughter of Abner, 2 Sam. iii. 30; example
of the custom of blood-revenge, as it existed amongst
the Jews, 2 Sam. xiv. 7.

B.

Baal, Baal-peor, Baalzebub. [Idolatry.]
Baalbec, noticed in 1 Kings v. 17; agreed to be the city
known to the ancients as Heliopolis; notice of its ruins,
with a view of a temple, 2 Chron. viii, 6.
Babel. Tower of. Inquiry respecting its probable dimen-
sions, and discussion whether the ruins of the Birs
Nemroud can be identified with it, with a view of the
Birs Nemroud, Gen. xi. 4; another view of the Birs
Nemroud. Jer. 1. 1.

Babylon. Babel, founded by Nimrod, occupied the site
of Babylon. Gen. x. 10; description of the city, as it
existed in its full splendour in the time of Nebuchad-
nezzar, Dan. iv. 30; prophecies of the utter ruin and
desolation of Babylon, with their minute fulfilment, ac-
companied by a view of a portion of the desolation, Isa.
xii. 19 22; further notices of the prophecies respect-
ing the overthrow of Babylon, Jer. 1. and li; descriptions
of the Birs Nemroud and the Mujelibe, which consti-
tute the most conspicuous portions of the ruins, Gen.
xi. 4; view of the Mujehbe, with an encampment of
passing Arabs in the foreground, Jer. li. 25.
Babylonian empire, notice of the Chaldean history before
the rise of the empire, Isaiah xxiii. 13; rise of, after the
overthrow of the Assyrian empire, 2 Kings xix. 37;
sketch of its history, 2 Kings xxiv. 1, and xxv. 27; table
of Babylonian monarchs from Nebuchadnezzar to the
fall of the empire, Dan. v. 1; the Babylonians noted
for their power in horses and chariots, Isa. v. 28.
Babylonian manufactures, Josh. vi. 21.

Baking. [Bread.]

Balaam, notices of his conduct, Num. xxii. 5-28; his
death, Num. xxxi. 8.

Balance. Idea that moral conduct was weighed in a ba
lance. illustrated by a "death judgment," from a draw-
ing on a sepulchral papyrus roll, and figures of Egyptian
scales, Dan. v. 27.

Balm, the famous resin obtained from the balm of Gilead
tree, a native of Judea, Gen. xxxvii. 25.
Banking establishments, want of, in the East, and expe-
dients resorted to for the preservation and security of
disposable property, Lev. vi. 2; farther illustrations of
this, in elucidation of "a treasure hid in a field." and
effect which the occasional discovery of concealed trea-
sure has on the disposition of the people, Matt. xiii. 44.
Banner. [Military Standard.]

Barnabas. Conjectural reason why the inhabitants of
Lystra called him Jupiter. Acts xiv. 12.

Bastard, conjectural explanation of the word, as used in
Deut. xxiii, 2.

Bats, abound in the towns and are to be found in the
best and most frequented apartments, Isa. ii. 20.
Battering rams. [Military engines.]

Bazaars, Oriental, description of, Luke vii. 32.
Bdellium, probably not the gum resin, once famous far
its medical virtues, but the pearl, Gen. ii. 12.
Beacons, used among the Jews, as well as other ancient
nations, Jer. vi. 1.

Bear, Syrian, figure and description of, 2 Sam. xvii. 8;
illustration of the phrase "a bear robbed of her whelps"
Prov. xvii. 12; bear killed by David, 1 Sam. xvii. 34:
notice of the expression "a bear lying in wait," Lament.
iii. 10; the persons torn by the bears, after mocking
Elisha, were not "little children," but young men,
2 Kings ii. 23.

Beard. The beard intensely respected in the East, I Sam
xxi. 13; farther illustrations of this, with anecdotes d
Arabian consideration for the beard, 2 Sam. x. 4; true-
ming and dying of beards, 2 Sam. xix. 24; generaly
considered an insult to touch the beard, except to kas
it, 2 Sam. xx. 9; groups of figures, representing beards
undressed and dressed, 1 Chron. xix. 4; figure of an
Oriental barber shaving the head, Jer. xvi. 6; desen-
tion of the process, Ezek. v. 1.

Beds are usually composed of a padded quilt for a mat-
tress, and another, single, for a covering, 1 Sam. xL
15; but there are also bedsteads in the East, such as
Og's probably was, Deut. iii. 11.
Beersheba, etymology of, Gen. xxi. 14; from “ Dan to
Beersheba," a proverbial expression, Gen. xiv. 14
Bees were and are objects of serious dread and annoyance.
and furnished to the ancients some striking figures of
comparison, Deut. i. 41; bees, beehives, and honey,
1 Sam. xv. 26; bees swarming in the carcase of the lid.
with illustration of Samson giving the honey to his pe
rents, from Domenichino, Judges xiv. 8.

Beetle, (blatta Egyptiaca,) figure of a colossal, from the
collection in the British Museum, probably the creature
which in our version is called a fly, and the swarms
of which made one of the Egyptian plagues, Exod

viii. 21.
Beggars and Begging. The word beggar, and the veri
to beg, not in the Pentateuch, Deut. xv. 11.
Behemoth, probably the hippopotamus, or river-horse, of
which a description and wood-cut are given, Job xl 15
Bells, on the ephod, Exod. xxviii. 31; bells on camels and
horses. with illustration of camel's head adorned with
bells, Zech. xiv. 20.

Belshazzar, inquiry as to his identity, Dan. v. 1.
Ben-Himmon, valley of, what it was devoted to, Jer.

xxxi. 40.

Benjamin, remarks on the name, Gen. xxxv. 18.
Bernice, her life and character, Acts xxv. 13.
Bethany, description and view. John xi. 1.
Bethel mentioned by anticipation, Gen. xii. 8.
Bethesda, pool of, description and view, John v. 2.
Bethlehem, notice of. Gen. xxxv. 19; well of Bethlehem.
1 Chron. XI. 17; description of Bethlehem, as the birth-
place of our Saviour, and view of its present state,
Micah v. 2.

Bethsaida of Galilee. No existing remains of this city.
although it is supposed that its site may still be indi-
cated, John xii. 21.

Bethshan, anciently a place of considerable importance,
but now only a miserable village, 1 Sam. xxxi. 10.
Bethshemesh, the house of the sun," several places of
this name, 1 Sam. vi. 12.

Rezek, 1 Sam xi. 8.

Bier, explanation of the word, with a bier from an Egyp
tian bas-relief at Thebes, 2 Sam. iii. 31. [Funeral
rites; Sepulchre.]

Birds, conjectural explanation of the law respecting, not
to take the dam with the young. Deut. xxii. 6; notice
of the cause and consequences of the migration of birds
Jer. viii. 7; bird-catching with nets and snares, with
illustrations from Egyptian paintings, Ezek. xvii. 20;
did the Hebrews keep birds in cages? Jer. v. 27.
Birthright, nature and importance of, in patriarchal times,
Gen. xxv. 33.

Books. [Writing.]

Bottles, made of skins, and uses of, for carrying water on
a journey, Gen. xxi. 14; reference to the custom of
keeping and conveying wine in skins, with illustrations
of a wine-cart, from a painting found in Pompeii, and
figure pouring wine from a leathern bottle, Job xxxii.
10; illustration of the comparison of " a bottle in the
smoke," used in Ps. cxix. 83.

Bowing toward the ground, frequently mentioned as used
in the presence of superiors, Gen. xviii. 2; Jacob's mode
of bowing to Esau indicated profound respect, Gen
xxxiii. 3; descriptive and pictorial illustrations of
Oriental bowing, 2 Sam. xxiv. 20.

Bozrah, mentioned several times in Scripture, in such a
manner as to show it was a city of importance, Isaiah
xxxiv. 6; prophecy of its desolation, and inquiry re-
specting its site and present state, Jer. xlix. 13.
Bracelets, extensive use of, as ornaments, Gen. xxiv. 22;

Saul's bracelet, which the Amalekite brought to David,
probably a badge of royalty, 2 Sam. i. 10.

Bramble, a species of buckthorn, Judges ix. 14; notice
of the word rendered "bramble" in Isa. xxxiv. 13.
Brazen serpent, its construction and use, with wood-cut,
from Rubens, Num. xxi. 9; broken in pieces, having
become an object of idolatry, 2 Kings xviii. 4.
Bread. Description of the process of baking in the East,
as applicable to the Israelites in their nomade state,
Lev. ii. 4; bread commonly used, calculated to last only
for the day on which it is baked, but there is another
kind of bread, the use of which is almost exclusively
confined to travellers (illustrative of the "bread of their
provision was dry and mouldy"), Joshua ix. 5; the
trade of a baker a distinct profession in large towns
of the East, Jer. xxxvii. 21; females of high rank pride
themselves on their skill in baking cakes or pastry,
2 Sam. xiii. 8; forms of Egyptian cakes, Jer. vii. 18;
description and illustrations of the processes of the mo-
dern Oriental baker and pastrycook, Hosea vii. 7.
Bricks, made with unbaked clay compacted with straw,
Exod. iv. 7; copy of a remarkable painting, represent-
ing Egyptian brick-making, Neh. ix. 9; engraving on
bricks, Ezek. iv. 1.

Bridles, notice of, with an illustration, representing the
head of a war-chariot horse, from an ancient Egyptian
sculpture, Isa. xxxvii. 29.

Britain, perhaps the tin came from, mentioned in Ezek.
xxvii. 12.

Bulrush (Cyperus papyrus), Exod. ii. 3.

Burning alive, as a punishment, Gen. xxxviii. 24; Lev.
xxi. 14. [Punishment.]

Burial. [Funeral rites.]

Burial of bodies after a battle, Ezek. xxxix. 14.
Butter. The word, as used in the Bible, implies butter
and cream in various states of consistence; extraordi-
nary quantity used by the Arabs, Gen. xviii. 8; notice
of the use of butter, as compared with that of oil, in
elucidation of the prohibition, "Thou shalt not seethe
a kid in his mother's milk," Deut. xiv. 21.

C.

Cæsarea, site and history of this noted city, Acts xxiii, 23
Caiaphas, notice of, Matt. xxvi. 3.

Camel, its constitution and capabilities, Gen. xii. 16;
milch camels valuable, Gen. xxxii. 15; occurs in Egyp

tian sculptures, which thus confirm the Scriptural
account, Exod. ix. 3; forbidden to be used as food, and
probable reasons, Lev. xi. 4; Camels' burdens, with a
representation of loaded camels, 2 Kings viii. 9.
Camp. [Military operations.]

Canaan. The Hebrew spies probably surveyed Canaan
from south to north, Num. xiii. 21; description of the
extent and boundaries of the country, as promised to
the Israelites, Num. xxxiv. 2; its fertility and general
character, in illustration of the description given by
Moses in Deut. viii. 7-9; even in its present state it is
a beautiful and fertile country, Josh. xiii. 11; divided
to the different tribes, chaps. xv.-xvii; and specially
surveyed, the particulars being written down, and pro-
bably described in maps, with illustration, from Hoet,
of Joshua and Eleazer dividing the land by lot, Josh.
xviii. 9; the Jordan was the eastern boundary of Canaan,
properly so called; but the Euphrates became the exte-
rior boundary, eastward, of the territory ultimately ac-
quired by the Israelites, 1 Chron. v. 9; the mountains
of Palestine contain many caves, some of great extent,
anciently used in times of danger, Gen. xix, 30, and
Judges vi. 2, with a view.

Canaanites, description of the various nations of, Deut.
vii. 1; and of their more remarkable towns at the time
of the conquest, Joshua xi. and xii,; exposition of the
reasons why they were judicially sentenced to extermi-
nation, Deut. xx. 16; notices of the emigration of the
Canaanites, Joshua xxiv. 12.

Cana in Galilee, notice of, John ii. 1; well at Cana,
1 Chron. xi. 17.

Capernaum, account of, Luke v. 31.

Captives. Men learned slowly that it was more advan-
tageous to retain their captives, or to sell them, than to
kill them, Deut. xx. 13; practice of mutilating cap
tives, Judges i. 6; captives of distinction usually de-
capitated or treated with severity, Judges vii. 25;
treatment of captives by David, 1 Chron, xx. 3; custom
of dragging captives bound together by a rope, 1 Kings
xx. 32; procession of captive Jews, from an Egyptian
painting, 2 Chron. xxxv. 20.

Captivity of the Ten Tribes, remarkable sculpture in
Media, supposed to represent the, 2 Kings xvii. 6.
Captivity of Judah, examination of the prophecy of its
duration, Jer. xxv. 12.

Captivity, Psalm of the, Ps. cxxxvii; use of the phrase
"captivity captive,” Ephes. iv. 8, with a pictorial illus-
tration at Ps. xviii.

Caravan, the great, which proceeds annually from Egypt
to Mecca, Ezra viii. 15; plan of the disposition of the
caravan, encamped at the Lake of the Pilgrims, eleven
miles from Cairo, Exod. xii. 37.

Caravanserai, very different from what we understand by
the word "inn;" description and view, Luke ii. 7.
Carmel, district called after the town of that name, 1 Sam.
xxv. 2; description of Mount Carmel, with a view, from
Maundrell, 1 Kings xviii. 19.

Castle near Teheran, view of, as exhibiting a very primi-
tive form, 1 Chron. xxvii. 25.

Cattle rarely put under shelter, Gen. xxxiii. 17; law re-
specting, Lev. xix. 19.

Cavalry. [Military force.]

Caves, numerous in Palestine, and resorted to both by shep-
herds and robbers, 1 Sam. xxiv. 3.
Cedar-wood, Lev. xiv. 4. [Lebanon.]

Celibacy. Inquiry whether Jepthah's daughter was sa-
crificed or devoted to virginity, Judges xi.; Paul's
advice respecting, 1 Cor. vii. 1.

Cemeteries of the Jews, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 4. [Sepulchre.]
Census. Remarks on the first-recorded census, Num. i.
2; results of the second census, Josh. iv. 13; the in-
terpretation now usually received respecting the culpa-
bility of David's census, 2 Sam. xxiv. 2; increase of the
Hebrew population, as shown by comparison, 1 Chron.
xxi. 5; explanation of, and probable object of, the Ro-
man census, mentioned in Luke ii. 1.

Centurion, Roman, his office and duties, with an illus-

trative figure, Matt. viii. 5.

Chairs, notice of their use in ancient times, with illus-
trations from Egyptian paintings, 1 Sam. iv. 18.
Chaldeans. (Astrology: Babylon]

Chaidee became the vernacular language of the Jews,

Nel, vii 7.

Chamber on the wall, view and description, 2 Kings
iv. 10.

Chambers of Imagery, Ezek. viii. 10. [Idolatry.]
Chariots, early existence of, Gen. xlv. 19; Egyptian cha-
riots, Exod. xiv. 7; "Chariots of iron," explanation of,
with illustrations, Judges i. 19; kingly chariots, 1 Sam.
vi. 11; inquiry respecting the number of chariots pos-
sessed by the Philistines. 1 Sam. xiii. 5.
Cheese, different kinds of, 2 Sam. xvii. 29.
Christ. Conjectures respecting the personal appearance
of our Saviour, Isaiah liii. 2; his genealogy, as given
in Matt. i. and in Luke iii.

Christians, first application of the name, Acts xi. 26;
Lucian's view of the Christians, 2 Cor. viii. 3.
Children, anxiety of Oriental parents to obtain, Gen.
xxx. 3; deferential regard of children towards their
parents, Gen. xxxi. 35; but while the father is respected,
the mother is peculiarly an object of attachment, Ps.
xxxv. 14; earlier development of the physical powers of
children in the East, Isa. xlix. 22; children selected
to be trained for royal service, Dan. i. 4.

Chimney, properly so called, not known in the East,
Hosea xiii. 3.

China, compared with Egypt, Gen. xxxvii. 25; Exod. v.
14: Chinese ship of war, illustrative of ancient naval
architecture, Acts xxvii. 39.

Chronicles, explanation of the title, &c., 1 Chron. i.
Cinnamon, early traffic in, and inquiry respecting the
people by whom it was carried on, with figure of leaves
and fruit of the Laurus cinnamomum, Exod. xxx. 23.
Circumcision first enjoined, and extension of the practice
of the rite amongst various nation, Gen. xvii. Î0; cir-
cumcision was not considered, even by the Jews, as
absolutely indispensable, 1 Cor. vii. 19.

City Notice of some early post-diluvian cities, Gen. x.
10; cities were early surrounded with walls, Deut. ix. 1 ;
inefficiency of Oriental forces in the siege of walled or
fortified places. Josh. vi. 20; fenced cities of Judah, with
an illustrative view of the fortress of Akaba, 2 Chron.
xxii. 1; treasure cities in Egypt, conjecture respecting,
Exod. i. 11; it was an insulting act of ancient con-
querors to pass a plough over a conquered and ruined
city, Micah iii. 12; prime distinction between ancient
and modern cities, Jer. xlvi. 25.

Cities of refuge, reasons why they were instituted, Num.
xxxv. 12; roads to be made, and kept in order, to the
cities of refuge, Deut. xix. 3, and Josh. xx. 2.
Citizenship among the Jews, nature of, Deut. xxiii. 3;
citizens of Zion, Ps. lxxxvii. 4; Roman citizenship, its
nature and privileges, Acts xxii. 24–29.

Citron intended, instead of the apple, as given in our ver-
sion, Cant. ii. 3.

Coffins have never been much used in the East, Gen. 1.
26; the remains of Elisha, though honourably interred,
not deposited in a coffin, 2 Kings xiii. 21.
Coins. Samaritan coins, introduced as showing the pro-
bable form of the golden pot of manna, Exod. xvi. 33;
Phoenician coins, 1 Kings xvi. 31; 2 Kings i. 2;
2 Chron. xvi. 16; Persian daries, gold and silver,
! Chron. xxix. 7; Grecian didrachma, Matt. xviii. 24;
Roman as and quadrans, Mark xii. 42; denarius of Au-
gustus and of Tiberius; the denarius signified in our
version by the word "penny," Matt. xx. 1.
Coloss, ancient and present state, with view, Col. iv. 13.
Combats, single, of frequent occurrence in the history
and poems of ancient times, 1 Sam. xvii. 10; illustra-
tion of the practice in explanation of "Let the young
men arise, and play before us," 2 Sam. ji. 14.
Commerce. Early traffic in spices, Gen. xxxvii. 25; sketch

of the traffic, and conjectures respecting the people who
were the medium of it, Exod. xxx. 23; maritime com
merce of the Hebrews in the time of Solomon. 2 Chron.
ix. 10; farther notice of it, at a later period, 2 Chran
xx. 36; enumeration of the various commercial articies
which constituted the traffic of Tyre, as contained is
Ezek. xxvii.; view of ancient maritime commerce.
Acts xxvii.

Cony, not the rabbit, but probably the daman, or Hyrax
Syriacus, with illustrations, Prov. xxx. 26.
Consecration, ceremonies of, with illustration of Moses
consecrating Aaron, from Hoet, Lev. viii. 6-23; conse
eration of the sons of Aaron, from Raffaelle, Exod. xl.
1; consecration of a Levite, notice, and illustration from
Melville, Num. viii. 10.

Constellations, Job xxxviii. 31.

Coral of commerce, description of, and figure, being pro-
bably what is mentioned in Job xxviii. 18.
Coriander (Coriandrum satirum), description and figure,

Exod. xvi. 31.

Corinth, city of, its site, description, former character, and
present state, 1 Cor. i. 1; dissolute manners of the
ancient inhabitants, 1 Cor. vi. 18; view of the Tempie
of Minerva at Corinth. I Cor. viii. 1; view of the city,
I Cor. xvi., conclusion of the epistle.

Corinthian church, its character and divisions, 1 Cor. i
1-12.

Corinthians, Epistles to the. See the introduction to each
Epistle.

Cosmology, one of the earliest Arabian or Idumean doc-
trines, which was afterwards received as a popular tenet
in Greece and Rome, Job xxvi. 7.
COSTUME. Passion of the Orientals for accumulating
dresses, the unchanging character of Eastern fashion
precluding the idea of the value being lost, Job xxvi.
16; rich dresses conferred as a mark of royal favour, as
in the case of Joseph, Gen. xli. 42; and at a much later
period, as in the case of Haman, with an illustration of
the ceremony of investing a Persian with a dress of ho-
nour, Esther vi. 8; "royal apparel of blue and white,”
Esther viii. 15; description of the dress of the high-
priest. with illustrative figures, Exod. xxvii.; figures
exhibiting, conjecturally, the costume of the "spouse."
and attendants, collected from the state dresses of an-
cient Egypt, Cant. vii. 1; elucidation of the minute
description of female dress given in Isa. iii. 16–24
accompanied by illustrative figures, showing the ancient
head-dress, ancient and modern head and face orna-
ments, and whole-length figures, exhibiting modern
dress; figures showing the "jewels of gold and jewels
of silver," of which the Egyptians were spoiled, com
posed from drawings and sculptures in the British
Museum, Exod. iii. 22; specimen of ancient Egyptian
embroidery, and inquiry if the Hebrews of Palestine
had any knowledge of silk as a material of dress, Ezek.
xvi. 10; blue a favourite colour amongst the Jews and
other Oriental nations. and notice of the turbans, or
head-dress, Ezek. xxiii. 6, 15; figures exhibiting the
horned head-dress, Zech. i. 18; custom of indicating
mourning by mean and neglected attire, and rejoicing
by rich and gay apparel, Zech. ii. 4; notice on mourn-
ing in sackcloth, with an illustrative figure, 2 Sam. ii.
31; notice of the custom of laying aside ornaments,
&c., to testify mourning, Exod. xxxiii. 4; what were the
"fringes" which the Jews were commanded to wear.
and what was the purpose of the law? (figure showing
the Jewish taled, with its "fringes") Num. xv. 38;
why were the Jews forbidden to wear garments of
mixed stuffs, as of linen and woollen? Deut. xxii. 11;
great importance attached to the "girdle," and it is
worn in different fashions, Jer. xiii. 1; the costume of
the poorer Arabs probably illustrates that passage, “It
is his raiment for his skin, wherein shall he sleep?”
Exod. xxii. 27; the "coat without seam was probably
similar to the abba, or Arabian cloak, John xix. 23.
Covenant of salt, explanation of, Num. xviii 19.

Crane, the, figure and description, Jer. viii. 7.
Creditor. [Debt.]
Crocodile, most modern interpreters suppose it to be in-
tended as "leviathan ;" description and figure, with a
figure from a marble in the British Museum, supposed
to represent an Egyptian tumbler on the back of a cro-
codile, Job xli. 1.

Cross, the improbability that its entire mass was borne by
our Saviour, Mark xv. 21; superscription, why written
in different languages, Luke xxiii. 38.

Crowns. The most ancient crowns were merely fillets or
metallic bands fastened round the head, 2 Sam. i. 10;
regal crowns sometimes of great value and weight,
1 Chron. xx. 2; setting the crown upon the head, part
of the ceremonies of inauguration, 2 Chron. xxiii. 11.
Crowns, nuptial, Cant. iii. 11.

Crucifixion, the usual severities of this punishment miti-
gated by the Romans, in compliance with the notions
of the Jews, Mark xvi. 43; scientific analysis of the
tortures of crucifixion, John xix. 18; why the cruci
fixion was a stumblingblock to the Jews, and foolish-
ness to the Greeks, 1 Cor. i. 23.

Cucumbers, extensive use of, by all classes, Num. xi. 5;
cultivated in large open fields, Isaiah i. 8.
Cummin, an umbelliferous plant, Isaiah xxviii. 25.
Cupbearer, his office and duties, Neh. ii. 1.
Cymbals. [Musical instruments.]

Cypress, uncertain what intended by the word so trans-
lated in Isaiah xliv. 14.

Cyprus, island of, account of, and notice of the controverted
point of its having been a proconsulate, Acts xiii. 7.
Cyrus, remarkable prophecies concerning him, and their
probable effect on his mind, Isaiah xlv. 24, 28, and
xlviii. 14; brief notice of his reign, Ezra i 1; astonish-
ing daily consumption of provisions in the household of
Cyrus, which Alexander found inscribed on a pillar at
Persepolis, 1 Kings iv. 23.

D.

Dagon, 1 Sam. v. 2. [Idolatry.]

Damascus, one of the earliest cities in the world, and has
maintained a flourishing existence in all ages; its site
and history, Gen. xiv. 15; view of the city, 1 Kings
xv. 18; the "waters of Damascus " still mentioned with
rapture by the inhabitants, 2 Kings v. 12; Paul's jour-
ney to Damascus, and escape from the city, Acts ix.
3-25; was Damascus under the authority of Aretas, a
petty king of Arabia, as mentioned in 2 Cor. xi. 32?
Dancing, a common recreation amongst the Jews, and also
an accompaniment of festivals and religious acts of a
joyful nature, Judges xxi. 21; David dancing before
the ark, with an illustration, from Domenichino, 2 Sam.
vi. 20; ancient idolatious dances, Kings xviii. 26;
custom of hiring dancers on an occasion of rejoicing,
Luke xv. 25.

Daniel, his history and character, Dan. i. 1; honourably
mentioned along with Noah and Job, Ezek. xiv. 14;
Daniel in the lions' den," from Rubens, Dan. vi.
Dates, value of the fruit, with figure of a "cluster of ripe
dates," Ps. xcii. 14. [Palm-tree.]

Day, division of, at the creation, Gen. i. 5; division of, by
the Hebrews, Ps. cxix. 148; first notice of the division
of the day into hours, in Scripture, Dan. iii. 6; ex-
planation of the manner in which the Jews divided the
day into hours, Acts iii. 1.

Deaconess. Explanation of the office and duties of dea-
coness in the apostolic churches. Romans xvi. 1.
Dead Sea. Its origin, extent, and evaporation from its
waters, Gen. xix. 25; view of the Dead Sea, from Forbin,
Ezek. xlvii. 11.

Deaf, humane law respecting the treatment of the, Lev.
xix. 14.

Deborah's song, a noble specimen of Hebrew poesy, Judges
v. 1.

Debt. The Mosaic law of creditor and debtor adapted to
the peculiar circumstances of the people, Deut. xv. 2,
conflict of Jewish and Roman laws respecting debt, and
introduction of imprisonment for debt, which was not
recognised by the Law, Matt. xviii. 30.
Deluge, the, causes of, Gen. vi. 4.
Deuteronomy, title of, Deut. i. 1.
Devoted. The cherem, or solemn devotion of any person
city, or thing, to death, destruction, or the service of
the sanctuary, Lev. xxvii. 28; Hormah, the "devoted
place," Num. xxi. 1; remarkable instance of the opera-
tion of the cherem against a city, Joshua vi. 17; "ana-
thema," in the Greek version of the Old Testament
employed as an equivalent to the Hebrew cherem, 1 Cor
xvi. 22.

Dew, value of, in the east, Gen. xxvii, 28; very abundant,
Judges vi. 38.

Dialects, difference of, amongst the Jews, Judges xii. 6;
farther notice of, with some examples of the great dif-
ference of sense produced by difference of pronunciation,
Matt. xxvi. 73.

Dials, the Hebrew has no word to express a dial; early
history of dials, with illustrative figures, 2 Kings

xx. 11.

Disease. The disease of Job, Job ii. 7 [Leprosy]; what
disease is intended in 1 Sam. v. 6; the disease of Ben-
Hadad, king of Syria, 2 Kings viii. 15; of Hezekiah,
Isaiah xxxviii. 1.

Divan. The Oriental duan or divan erroneously conjec-
tured to have been what, in our translation, is Og's
bedstead, Deut. iii. 11; the duan, or divan, the usual,
but not exclusive, seat as well as bed of the Orien-
tals (an Egyptian pasha seated on his divan), 2 Kings

iv. 5.

Divination, the law against practising, Deut. xviii. 10; re-
ference to the very widely diffused superstition of belo-
mancy, or divination by arrows, in Ezek. xxi. 21; the
method of divination by rods among the ancient Ger,
mans not unlike one of the modes of divination by arrows-
Hosea iv. 12.

Divorce. General view of the principle and operation of
the Mosaic law of divorce, Deut. xxiv. 1, 4; not neces-
sary that a divorce should be a public transaction, Matt.
i. 19; contention between the rabbinical schools of Hil-
lel and Shammai, the disputed point being involved in
the question put to our Saviour, Matt. xix. 3; the Jews
probably learned from the Romans the custom which
gave the wife the right to put away her husband, Mark
x. 12.

Dog, frequently used as a term of contempt, 1 Sam. xxi7.
14; reason to be found in the neglect and general ill-
treatment of dogs in the east, by which they are made
ferocious, cruel, and greedy, Ps. xxii. 16; not being ge-
nerally owned by individuals, they wander about in a half
savage state, Ps. lix. 15.

Dove sent out from the ark, with a figure of the Syrian
dove, Gen. viii. 8; the columba turtur found in all the
warmer climates, Jer. viii. 7; beautiful allusion to the
flight of the dove, Ps. lv. 6; flight of pigeons, in illus
tration of, "as doves to their windows," Isaiah lx. 8;
flight of pigeons from a besieged place, verified by ac-
tual observation, Ezek. vii. 16; allusion to the plumages
of doves, Ps. xlviii. 13.

Dowry, view of the origin and nature of, Gen. xxxiv. 12.
[Marriage.]

Dragon, uncertain what creature meant; the word per
haps answers to our "monster," Job xxx. 29.
Dromedary, a finer breed of the camel, intended in
1 Kings iv. 28; dromedary properly a camel, distin-
guished from the common one by its breed and training,
Jer. ii. 23.

Drought, poetical description of its effects, Deut. xxviii.
23, 24; another description, Jer. xiv. 4.

Dyeing, one of the earliest of the arts; general view of its
history, Exod. xxxv. 35; Thyatira famous for its trade
in dyes, Acts xvi. 14, and Rev. ii. 18.

E

Eagle, the, elucidation of the allusion to, in Deut. xxxii.
11, with a figure of eagle and nest; keenness of the
eagle's sight, Job xxxix. 27; the eagle taken as a fit
emblem of royal power, and formed the imperial
standard of the Persians. Ezek. xvii. 3.

Earring, in Gen. xxiv. 22, should be translated, a ring or
jewel for the nose; earrings sometimes bore the figures
of false gods, or some symbol of their power, Gen. xxxv.
4; earrings worn both by males and females amongst
the Hebrews, Exod. xxxii, 2; earrings worn by the Ara-
bians, and law of Mohammed respecting, Judges viii.

24.

Earth, peopling of the, after the Flood, Gen. x. 1.

Ebal and Gerizim, description and view, Deut. xxvii. 4.
Ebony, notice and figure. Ezek. xxvii. 15.

Ecclesiastes, book of, author and character of, Eccles. i. 1.
Eden, garden of, various and some strange conjectures re-
specting its site, Gen. ii. 8.

Edom, meaning of the word, Gen. xxv. 30; general view
of the country, people, and government, Gen. xxxvi. 9;
land of Edom, Mount Seir in the distance, Gen. xiv.
[Petra.]

EGYPT.

History.-Supposed to have been settled by a son of
Ham, Gen. x. 6; probability that Upper Egypt was
first settled, from thence colonies proceeded to Middle
and Lower Egypt, Jer. xlvi. 19; notice of, in the time
of Abraham, Gen. xii. 15; early advances in civiliza-
tion indicated by the forms of imprisonment and
trial, instead of the usual Oriental mode of summary
punishment, Gen. xxxix. 20; the country invaded and
conquered by a tribe of Cushite shepherds, who made
one of their own number king. Gen. xlvi. 34; expelled,
and re established. one of the new dynasty being,
probably, "the king that knew not Joseph," Exod. i.
8; plagues of Egypt, and pursuit of the Israelites,
Exod. chaps. vii.-xiv; overthrow of Pharaoh in the
Red Sea, from Hoet. Deut. vii. 18; the "mixed mul-
titude," who followed the camp, were probably Egyp-
tian men and women connected with the Israelites
by marriage, Lev. xxiv. 10; notice of Egypt in the
time of Solomon, 1 Kings xii. 40; Egypt conquered
by So, the Sabacon of Herodotus, 2 Kings xvii. 4;
notice of the reign of Pharaoh Necho, and his victory
over Josiah, illustrated by a copy of the painting on
the walls of the tombs of the kings, which is supposed
to represent a procession of captive Jews, 2 Chron.
xxxv. 20; overthrow of Pharaoh-Hophra, the grand-
son of Necho, by Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xliv. 30; re-
markable prophecy that Egypt shall be the basest
of kingdoms," and its compete fulfilment, Ezek.
xxix. 15.

Government, civil institutions, and military force.-The
word Pharaoh not a proper name, Gen. xii. 15; Egyp-
tian form of anointing, 1 Sam. x. 1; group of Egyp-
tian sceptres, Ezek. xix. 11; form of Egyptian go-
vernment, Gen. xxxix. 20; the priesthood the ruling
power, Gen. xli. 45; the military caste was next be-
low that of the priests in rank and influence, Gen.
xlvii. 22; the census probably originated in Egypt,
Num. i. 2; organized military force, and description
of the military caste, Exod. xv. 4 [Military Force];
early use of war-chariots and horses in war, Exod.
xiv. 7; invention of military standards attributed to
the Egyptians, Num. ii. 2; an Egyptian siege, from
an existing bas-relief, Deut. xx. 12; figures of Egyp-
tian archers, 2 Sam. i. 18.

Cities and country.-High antiquity of Thebes, its an-
cient splendour, its identification with the "No" of
Scripture, its desolation, the value of the sculptures
and paintings which decorate the walls of its temples
and its long hidden tombs, with a view of the exist-
ing ruins, Jer. xlvi. 25; Memphis second in antiquity
and splendour to Thebes, supposed to be the "Noph"

of Scripture, Jer. xlvi. 19; view of the village of Ve
trahenny, conjectured to mark the site of the ancient
Memphis, Jer. ii. 16; Heliopolis, the city of the sun,
mentioned by several names in Scripture, description
of it, and other cities, with a view of the plan aci
obelisk of Heliopolis, Ezek. xxx. 17; cities in Bax
built by the Israelites, Exod. i. 11; from Migdal to
Syene," marking the extent of Egypt, Ezek. x
10; division of the country into nomes, or provinces.
Isaiah xix. 2.

Commerce, agriculture, and the pastoral life.-The Egyp
tians not addicted to maritime commerce, but the
country early a centre of commercial dealings with
other nations, Gen. xxxvii. 25; and, from the earest
recorded period, the granary of surrounding nations,
Gen. xlii. 57 (see Abraham's visit to Egypt. Gen.
xii. 10); Egypt probably the original country of the
wheat, Gen. xli. 5; it is, probably, the most ferie
country in the world, Deut. xi. 14; to what extest
rain falls in the country, Zech. xiv. 18; Egyptian
agricultural seasons and produce, Exod. ix 31;
ploughing, sowing, and reaping, from a sculpture and
painting, Deut. xi. 14; Egyptian ploughing with ex
and ass, Deut. xxii. 10; modern threshing floor, Num
xviii. 27; ancient mode of winnowing corn, from a
painting, Ps. i. 4; cultivation of the vine in Egypt,
and use of wine, Gen. xl. 9; illustration of the Egyp
tian mode of manufacturing wine, by description and
figures, Neh. xiii. 15; the aversion of the Egyptians
to nomade shepherds resulted from a political rea-
son, Gen. xlvi. 34; destruction of the cattle, End

ix. 6.

The Nile.-The Nile used as a symbol of Egypt, Ezek
xxix. 3; course of the river, its annual inundations,
and essential importance to the country, Exod. vii
15; and quality of the water, verse 18; geometry
commonly supposed to have arisen from the anguil
overflowing of the Nile, Deut. xix. 14; frogs still very
abundant in the Nile, with a figure of the Ran
punctata, or dotted frog, Exod. viii. 3; the river of
Egypt," frequently mentioned in Scripture. not the
Nile, compare the notes under Gen. xv. 18, Num.
xxxiv. 5, and 2 Chron. vii. 8.

Pyramids and public works.-The pyramids probably
founded under a foreign dynasty of shepherd kings,
and the lower classes of the Egyptians compelled to
labour in their erection, as well as the Israelites; no-
tice of the pyramids, with a view of the brick pyra-
mid of Faioum, Exod. i. 14; use of bricks made of
clay compacted with straw, and dried in the sua,
Exod v. 7; copy of a remarkable painting on the
walls of a sepulchre at Thebes, which is supposed to
represent the Jews in Egypt under their “hard bond-
age, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of
service in the field," Neh. ix. 9; account of the work-
ing of the Egyptian mines. Job xxviii. 1.
Science and arts.-Reputation of the Egyptians for their
knowledge, 1 Kings iv. 30; the arch was known to
the ancient Egyptians at a very early period, with
figures of arches at Thebes, Ezek. xl. 16; Egyptian
naval architecture, shown by figures of boats, 2 Sam.
xix. 18; and by ships, 2 Chron. xx. 36; modera
ships of the Nile, Acts xxvii. 39; group of orna
mental and domestic vessels, given under the view
that the arts of the neighbouring nations were only
spoils of those of the Egyptians. 2 Sam. viii. 10; this
also illustrated by a figure of Egyptian scales, from
a bas-relief, Deut. xxv. 13, and Dan. vi. 27; figure
of an Egyptian chair, 1 Sam. iv. 18; wealth and
refinement, evinced by vessels of gold and silver
Gen. xliv. 5; Egyptian sculptors and artisans at
work, Isaiah xliv. 13; and x. 15; wheel-carriages
used very early in Egypt, Gen. xlv. 27.
Manners, customs, food, manufacture, costume, amux
ments, &c.-The Egyptians remarkably distinguished
from other Orientals by the practice of shaving, Gen