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2.

As Land-Surveyors are frequently employed to measure and value standingtimber, in gentlemen's estates, I beg leave to refer them to my Mensuration, Part IV., where I hope they will find these subjects satisfactorily treated.

The work also contains the Mensuration of Superficies and Solids in general; the method of measuring Artificers' Works; Conic Sections and their Solids; and the most useful Problems in Gauging.

To determine the Value of each Proprietor's Allotment, or claim upon the Common.

In doing this, the value only can be used; for, if we make use of the quantity, in allotting land of different qualities, the proprietor who has his allotment in land of the best quality, will obviously receive more than his just right; while those whose allotments fall in land of inferior quality, lose part of their property. Hence, you must say, as the value of the whole estates, is to the value of the Common, or land to be divided, so is the value of each person's estate to the value of his allotment, or claim upon the Common.

To set off, upon the Plan, each Proprietor's Allotment, or Share of the Common.

When you find that a proprietor's allotment falls in that part of the Common which is of uniform quality, you may easily determine the quantity to which he is entitled, by saying, as the value put upon the number in which his allotment falls, is to 1 acre, so is the value of his claim to the quantity of land which his allotment must contain. Then set off the allotment upon the plan, by some of the methods already described.

But it commonly happens that a proprietor's allotment falls in different numbers. In such a case, you must draw a guess-line or lines, and measure separately, by the scale, the pieces cut, off belonging to the different numbers: then multiply the different quantities by their respective values; and if the sum of the products be equal to the value of the claim in question, the guessline or lines, are right; if not, they must be altered, until they part off the exact portion. After each proprietor's allotment is set off upon the plan, if you find the quantity and value of all the allotments equal to the quantity and value of the whole Common, the division is right.

EXAMPLE.

Lay down a Plan, from the engraven Field-Book, belonging to Plate XII.; and divide the Common among the three Proprietors, A, B, and C, according to the different qualities of their estates, and of the Common.

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A Book of Quantities, Qualities, Values, &c.

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NOTE 1. - The learner should lay down the plan, from the field-notes, by a scale of two chains to an inch; and find the areas of all the fields from his own dimensions, as directed in Part V. The diagonals and perpendiculars from which the above areas were found, are not given, as this would have rendered the work too easy to exercise the genius of the student; he may, however, retain his own dimensions, and enter them in "a Book of Dimensions, Castings, Quantities, Qualities, and Values, adapted to Plate XII." (See the Books of Dimensions and Castings, in Part V., belonging to Plates VIII. and X.)

2. If the learner should not be able to find such dimensions as will make his areas agree exactly with those given in the foregoing book of quantities, it will be a matter of no consequence, provided the difference be not too considerable; and as any difference in the areas will also produce a difference in the values, all the numbers in his book will differ from the given numbers. This, however, will tend much to his improvement, as he will be under the necessity of making all his own calculations, both in finding the areas and values of the different fields, and also in dividing the Common, and proving the Division.

The Operation of finding the Value of each Proprietor's Share of the Common; and Directions for setting out the Allotments in the Field.

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A PLAN from the ENGRAVEN FIELD BOOK, Page the 15th, &c.

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Plate XII.

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As the whole of A's allotment will fall in No. 10, we say, as 30:1:: 260-860: 8.695 acres, the quantity of land which A's allotment must contain.

From 10.061 take 8-695, and we have 1.366, the remainder of No. 10, in value = 40-980, which will form part of B's allotment. Then, from 239.137, take 40.980, and there remains 198.157; consequently, B must have land equivalent to this value, from Nos. 11 and 12.

The remainder of these Nos. and the whole of No. 13, will be C's allotment, which you must measure, &c. as a proof.

In setting off the allotments upon the plan, we find that one end of the division-fence between the allotments of A and B, falls at the distance of 827 links from +8 toward + 1; and the other end at the same distance from +7 toward + 2. We find, likewise, that one end of the division-fence between the allotments of B and C, falls, at the distance of 1465 links from + 8 toward + 1; and the other end at the distance of 1478 links from +7 toward + 2. Measure, therefore, these distances in the field, stake out the division-fences, and the work will be completed.

NOTE. The fences of old inclosures are generally very crooked; but the fences of new inclosures are always set out in straight lines, when it is practicable.

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NOTE 1.- In dividing land by this irregular method (the only one practicable, when an allotment falls in land of different qualities), it is almost impossible to get the quantity and value of all the allotments to agree exactly with the quantity and

value of the whole common; but when the difference is trifling, we may rely upon the accuracy of the division.

2.

All the fences of the estate in Plate XII. are made straight, in order to avoid trouble in casting the contents; and as the allotments are small, neither roads, sand-pits, quarries, nor watering-places, are set out; but as copious directions have been given on these and other subjects, the Author is persuaded that if these directions be well understood, the Learner will find no difficulty in performing any operation that may be wanted in conducting an extensive inclosure, so far as appertains to the business of a Land-Surveyor.

ACTS OF PARLIAMENT

FOR INCLOSING COMMONS AND WASTE LANDS.

ALL commons and waste lands are inclosed under Special Acts of Parliament obtained for that purpose; and the Commissioners and Surveyors are always appointed by name, in such Acts.

The preamble of a Special Act, sets forth the manor, township, parish, and county in which the commons or waste lands are situated; specifies the names of such commons and waste lands, and the quantity of ground they contain, either by survey or estimation; notices the little profit and advantage they afford in their present state; and points out the improvements they are capable of receiving, if they be divided, allotted, and inclosed.

In order to diminish the expense attending the passing of Special Acts of Inclosure, for particular places, a General Act was passed in the year one thousand eight hundred and one, consolidating and containing certain provisions usually inserted in Special Acts of Inclosure.

This Act is made the foundation of all Special Acts, and contains the same provisions, with the exception of particular clauses that are always inserted in Special Acts of Inclosure, relating to, and making provision for, local circumstances.

Now, in order that no necessary instructions may be wanting in this Work, relating to Inclosures, it has been thought advisable to give an abstract of the General Inclosure Act, for the Information of those readers who may not have an opportunity of consulting the Act itself.

It will be found from this statute, that no person can act as a Commissioner, until he has first taken an oath that he will faithfully, impartially, and honestly, according to the best of his skill and ability, execute and perform all the trusts, powers, and authorities vested and reposed in him, as a Commissioner.

It also appears by this Act, that every person making a survey, plan, and valuation for an inclosure, shall verify the same upon oath, to the Commissioners.

The Act likewise points out the method of ascertaining the boundaries of manors or lordships; making out claims; settling disputes; setting out roads; fencing allotments; defraying the expenses of the inclosure, &c. &c.

Besides giving an abstract of the General Act, a few particular clauses are selected from Special Acts, obtained for inclosing certain commons and waste lands in the West Riding of the County of York.

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