CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE.* CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF CHAMBERS'S NUMBER 59. NEW AND IMPROVED SERIES. PHRENOLOGY. PRICE 14d. as of late been customary for the conductors of ar cyclopædias to admit articles on Phrenology; in most if not all the instances in which this has en done, the articles were the composition of persons e denied that phrenology was a true system of menphilosophy, and whose aim rather was to show its want of sound foundation than simply to present a view Was doctrines. In every one of these instances, it was Perwards successfully shown by phrenological writers, their science had been misrepresented, and its trines challenged on unfair grounds; so that the cles in question might as well not have been writ, in so far as the instruction of candid inquirers as concerned. We have resolved to eschew this pracabsurdity, by presenting a view of phrenology by who believes it to be the true system of mind. This conceive to be a course the more necessary, that phrology, overlooking altogether its organological , presents a far more intelligible view of the faculof the human mind, and the phenomena of their king, than any of the metaphysical systems. It is ently, we think, the system of mental philosophy the unlearned man, because it is much less abstract any other. In perusing the account which it gives the mind and its parts, ordinary people feel, for the rd time in their attempts at psychological investiga, that they have ground whereon to rest the soles their feet. Thus, supposing that the observations de with regard to the connexion of certain maniations of thought and feeling with certain parts of e train to be untrue, there is still a distinct value in logy, as an extensively available means of studyind. We deem it right, at the same time, to mentat phrenology appears to us as beforehand likely true, in as far as it assigns a natural basis to while we are equally sensible that its leading have acquired a title to a very respectful ton, from the support given to them by a vast at of careful observation, and the strikingly endeed and philanthropic aims for which many of its porters have become remarkable. With these inatory remarks, we leave our readers to form their pinions respecting the science, as far as they are aded to do so by a treatise necessarily brief, and ch, therefore, admits of but a slender exhibition of dence.-Ed. FYRESOLOGY is a Greek compound, signifying a dison the mind. The system which exclusively Ps by this name, was founded by Dr Francis Joseph German physician, born in 1757. Dr Gall was hen a schoolboy, to surmise a connexion of parmental faculties with particular parts of the mia, in consequence of observing a marked promiin the eyes of a companion who always overthed him in committing words to memory. Findthe same conformation in others noted for the same talent, he reflected that it was possible that other talents might be accompanied by external marks, and that dispositions might also be so indicated. He devoted himself to observing marked features of character; and on examining the heads, was struck with differences in their forms, there being prominences and hollows in some not found in others, with corresponding variations of character in the individuals. After most extensive and accurate observation, he first lectured on the subject in Vienna in 1796. There his lectures were suppressed by a jealous and ignorant despotism; upon which he abandoned Germany and settled in Paris, where he practised as a physician, and studied and extended his "doctrine," as he always called it, till his death in 1828. His great work, with its illustrative engravings, is one of the most extensive and beautiful examples of inductive evidence of which any science can boast. Many phrenologists, who had previously read the works of the British writers only, have expressed their astonishment, when they came to read Gall's work, at the immense fabric he had reared, and how little, in the way of proofs of the organs discovered by him, he left to be done. Dr Gall never took any particular step for making phrenology known in our island. With the exception of a light and trivial article in the Edinburgh Review in 1803, and another in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal in 1806, the science was not heard of in Britain till introduced by Dr Spurzheim in 1815. He was a native of Treves on the Moselle, born in 1776, the pupil and, from 1804, the associate of Dr Gall. Besides making many valuable discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the brain, and ascertaining several organs in addition to those discovered by Dr Gall, Dr Spurzheim had the distinction of systematising the discoveries of both into a harmonious and beautiful mental and moral philosophy. Dr Spurzheim died at Boston in the United States in 1832. Since then, the recognised head of the phrenological school has been Mr George Combe of Edinburgh, author of many able and popular works on the science, and its most distinguished and successful teacher, by his public prelections both in Britain and America. The applications of phrenology to insanity, health, and infant treatment, have been at the same time admirably made by Dr Andrew Combe, Mr George Combe's distinguished brother; and to the treatment and reformation of criminals, and the new or character-forming education, by Mr George Combe himself and Mr James Simpson of Edinburgh. Many writers of more recent date have followed in the track of these authors, for, indeed, no other is now followed with practical effect on the subjecte enumerated; but to phrenology the sound views now current on these subjects can in a great measure be traced. THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY. 1. The brain is the organ by and through which pulsations became frequent and violent. If, therefore, you omit to keep the mind free from agitation, your other means (in the treatment of injuries of the brain) will be unavailing."* Blumenbach saw a portion of exposed brain to sink in sleep, and swell when the patient awoke.† Dr Pierquin, and a writer in the Medico-Chirurgical Review, adduce other instances & the brain swelling out in waking hours, and still mor in mental agitations. In these, such as pain, fear anger, the dressings were disturbed, and the bran throbbed tumultuously. The cause is obvious: creased activity of brain, as of muscle, is accompanie by increased flow of blood to the part. Dr Pierqui cites a case which is extremely instructive. His sub ject was a female, twenty-six years of age, who had los a large portion of the skull and dura mater, so that corresponding portion of the brain was laid bare. Whe she was in a dreamless sleep, her brain was motionles and lay inside the cranium; when her sleep was imper fect, her brain moved and protruded; in vivid dream the protrusion was considerable; and when awake, an particularly when engaged in conversation or ment action, it was still greater, and remained so while ca versation lasted.‡ Common feeling refers the mind to, or localises it the head; and common phrases are in accordance wi this conviction. We have long-headed, shallow-pal crack-brained, well furnished with brain, &c.; as e pressions in every one's mouth. mind in this life is manifested. This truth is now | blood was sent with increased force to the brain, and the disputed scarcely any where. It was a great though wide-spread error, before the discovery of phrenology, that we can recognise mind and body as two distinct entities or existences: under the influence of that error, they were treated of separately by two several orders of philosophers the metaphysicians and the anatomists. In vain to the metaphysician was it obvious, that we have no knowledge of mind but through the medium of a bodily apparatus, with which it grows and decays; he continued to treat of mind as a spirit unconnected with body. The anatomical investigator reasoned quite as unphilosophically, when he assumed that mind was nothing but matter, the higher qualities of which were to think and feel. The phrenologist avoids both these unproved assumptions. He does not pretend to know, much less to assume, the essence or nature of either mind or matter. Whether they are one or distinct is known only to the God who made them; and whatever they are, they must, therefore, be the best possibly adapted to their end and design. This is his answer to the unproved and unwarranted assumptions of spiritualism on the one hand, and materialism on the other; while he confines himself to the observation of the laws which regulate mental phenomena, in their invariable connexion with bodily organisation; and to the brain, as most obviously so connected, he has seen reason to address his chief attention. To all sane manifestations of mind, brain in healthy action is necessary. In sleep, fainting, and compression of the brain, mind is suspended. In perfect sleep, the brain reposes, and mind ceases to be manifested. Were it an immaterial spirit, acting independently of the brain, the repose of the material brain could not suspend the spirit's working. In fainting, the blood ceases for the time to supply the brain, and consciousness and motion are suspended. Pressure on the brain instantly suspends consciousness. Mr Combe, in his "System of Phrenology" (4th edition, p. 14), describes several most interesting and instructive experiments on compression, as made by Richerand, Cooper, Chapman, Cline, and others. In several individuals, when the brain was partially exposed by accidents, these gentlemen applied pressure to the exposed part, when speech and consciousness suddenly stopped, to return when the pressure was removed. Pinel* clearly traces to a bodily cause the diseased manifestation of mind called insanity, by the following cases :-" A man, engaged in a mechanical employment, and afterwards confined in the Bicêtre, experiences, at irregular intervals, fits of madness, characterised by the following symptoms:-At first there is a sensation of heat in the abdominal viscera, with intense thirst, and a strong constipation; the heat gradually extends to the breast, neck, and face, producing a flush of the complexion; on reaching the temples, it is still greater, and is accompanied by very strong and frequent pulsations in the temporal arteries, which seem as if about to burst finally, the nervous affection arrives at the brain." What then follows? All the effects hitherto described are purely corporeal. Pinel proceeds" The patient is then seized with an irresistible propensity to shed blood; and if the re be a sharp instrument within reach, he is apt to sacrifice to his fury the first person who presents himself." How powerfully this case connects mind and brain, and what a strong light it sheds upon that really bodily, that is, cerebral, disease called insanity! Pinel cites another case of total change of character, from mild to furious, in an insane person, when redness of face, heat in the head, and thirst, occurred. The brain, when exposed, has been seen in action, during emotion, conversation, dreams, &c. Sir Ashley Cooper refers to the case of a young man who had lost a portion of skull above the eyebrow. "I distinctly saw the pulsation of the brain," says Sir Ashley; "it was regular and slow; but at this time he was agitated by some opposition to his wishes, and directly the Sur l'Alienation Mentale, p. 157. From the above facts, phrenologists assume:As there is no vision or hearing without their resp tive organs, the eye and ear, so there is no thin or feeling without their respective organs in the bran 2d, Every mental affection must correspond with a ce tain state of the organ, and vice versa; 3d, The 1 fection of the mind will have relation to the per tion of its organs. The study of the cerebral organ therefore, is the study of the mind, in the only co dition in which we can cognise it. Hence all pr vious study of the mind, without reference to cerett organisation, has, philosophically speaking, gone nothing, if we except the shrewd but unsystemat guesses of superior sagacity;§ and phrenology presen the first practical mental philosophy known to man. * Lectures on Surgery, vol. i. p. 279. + Elliotson's Blumenbach, 4th edition, p. 283. More lately than all these examples, Mr Combe has res one of his own observing in America, which goes not to prove action of the brain corresponding to activity of n. generally, but action of ascertained organs when their corresp girl of eight years of age, who, four years before, from a fa ing mental manifestations were called forth. The subject a of a window, lost the portion of skull which covers the org Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation. The integuments and t are the only protection her brain has in that region, and its na ments can be felt by the hand, like a leech through a silk ha kerchief. Mr Combe, placing his hand on the part, led the versation so as to pique the child's self-esteem, when the m was distinctly felt. When she was requested to do some ar metical lesson, to set in action her intellect, the brain at Esteem ceased to move. She was praised for her success, w the organ of the Love of Approbation, hitherto quiescent, sens moved; again the child's attention was directed to somet distinct from herself, and once more the organs of Self-Esteem Love of Approbation reposed. Mr Combe repeated his trials ral times with the same results.-Notes on the United Stat North America, vol. ii. p. 279. the Scottish metaphysical school, towards the end of his § An opinion, not much different, was expressed by the l We allude to Mr Dugald Stewart quoting as true the follo confession of M. de Bonald :-"Diversity of doctrine ha creased from age to age with the number of masters, and the progress of knowledge; and Europe, which at present sesses libraries filled with philosophical works, and which re up almost as many philosophers as writers, poor in the mid so much riches, and uncertain, with the aid of all its g which road it should follow-Europe, the centre and focus e the lights of the world, HAS YET ITS PHILOSOPHY ONLY IN PECTATION." The brain being the general organ of the mind, we e me next to inquire whether it is all necessary to every act of feeling or thinking; or whether it is Lvided into parts, each part being the instrument or rgan of a particular mental act. 1st, It is a law of orgatation that different functions are never performed *s the same organ. The stomach, liver, heart, eyes, ears, tave each a separate duty. Different nerves are necesry to motion, feeling, and resistance, and there is no example of confusion amongst them. Analogy, therefre, is in favour of the conclusion that there are distinct zans for observing, reflecting, and feeling kindness, sentment, self-love, &c. 2d, The mental powers do not erme at once, as they would, were the brain one indivie organ. They appear successively, and the brain unargoes a corresponding change. 3d, Genius varies in ferent individuals; one has a turn, as it is called, for thing, and another for something different. 4th, Breaming is explained by the doctrine of distinct organs en can act or rest alone. Its disjointed images and feelings could never occur if the brain acted as a ble. Undivided, it must either all sleep or all wake; that there could be no such thing as dreaming. , Partial insanity, or madness on one point, with ay on every other, proves the distinction of organs, their separate action. 6th, Partial injuries of the an, affecting the mental manifestations of the injured arts, but leaving the other faculties sound, prove disctiveness of organs. 7th, There could be no such te of mind as the familiar one where our feelings tend, and antagonise and balance each other, if the were one organ. These are grounds for presuming that the brain is unique, but a cluster of organs, or at least that it capable of acting in parts as well as in whole. For conclusion, the phrenologists have found satisfacproofs in repeated observations, showing that paralar manifestations of mind are proportioned, in sity and frequency of recurrence, to the size or cansion of particular parts of the brain, and are thus be presumed to depend on those parts. Every step have taken in this investigation has been guided the strictest rules of the inductive philosophy, each tir inferences being grounded on an overwhelming ber of cases leading to one uniform conclusion. It therefore considered by them as a settled point, that train consists of a congeries of organs. It is a essary result of the same investigations, and one of most important doctrines of phrenology, that the ver of each organ, in other words, its degree of tal manifestation, is in direct proportion to its This is a law every where seen affecting organic ture a large muscle, the conditions of health, quaey, and outward circumstances, being the same, has re power than a small one. The same is true of a ere Dogs have very large nerves for smelling, eagles seeing, &c. A child's brain is smaller, and its tal power weaker, than those of an adult. A very brain in an adult is the invariable cause of idiocy. ways idiotic. A large head may be idiotic from cerebral disease, but a very small head, from defect of size alone, is always idiotic. We present a contrast. Fig. 1 is the head of an idiot of 20 years of age; fig. 2 is the head of the celebrated Hindoo reformer, Rammohun Roy, which was of great size, and, as is well known, manifested great power. It will in the sequel be shown that the Hindoo type of head is small, and the mental power correspondent; hence the exception, in both particulars, of Rammohun Roy's head, tells the more strongly for the doctrine. Men of great force of character, such as Napoleon, Franklin, Burns, had brains of unusually large size. Powerful energetic nations exceed weaker ones in size of head, and invariably, when brought into collision with them, overcome them. The Gothic or Teutonic head is larger than the Celtic, which last race first occupied Europe, but was driven by the Gothic into the mountainous regions, where it was not worth the pains to follow it. The average European head is to the average Hindoo as the head of a man to that of a boy; and hence the conquest and subjection of a hundred millions of the latter by thirty thousand of the former. Figs. 9 and 10, to be found in a subsequent column, contrast a European with a Cingalese head. Indeed, the doctrine of size of brain accompanying power of character, is now generally admitted by the opponents of phrenology. The general law, then, being that size of organ is accompanied by power of manifestation, we proceed to inquire, secondly, if there are any circumstances, and what these are, which modify this law. It will be found that quality of brain is a modifying circumstance, also health of brain, and exercise of brain. 1. Phrenologists conjectured that different brains differ in quality, but were long without any indications of these differences. The doctrine of the Temperaments has thrown considerable, though not perfect light on this point, and for this we are indebted to Dr Thomas of Paris. There are four temperaments, accompanied with different degrees of power and activity, in other words, quality of brain. These are the bilious, the nervous, the sanguine, and the lymphatic. These temperaments were observed and distinguished long before the discovery of phrenology, though to little purpose. They figure in the fanciful philosophy of Burton, and similar writers of former times, and much nonsense is written connected with them. Phrenology has adopted them, and made them intelligible and useful. They are supposed to depend upon the constitution of particular bodily systems. The muscular and fibrous systems being predominantly active, seem to give rise to the bilious temperament. The name is equivocal, and therefore not well applied; the other three are more appropriate. The brain and nerves predominating in activity, give the nervous; the lungs, heart, and blood-vessels, the sanguine; while the glands and assimilating organs present the lymphatic temperament. The predominance of these several bodily systems is indicated by certain sufficiently obvious external signs, whence our power of recognising them. The nervous temperament is marked by silky thin hair, thin skin, small thin muscles, quick muscular motion, paleness, and often delicate health. The whole nervous system, brain included, is active, and the mental manifestations vivacious. It is the temperament of genius and refinement. The bilious has black, hard, and wiry hair, dark or black eyes, dark skin, moderate fullness, but much firmness, of flesh, with a harsh outline of countenance and person. The bilious temperament gives much energy of brain and mental manifestation, and the countenance is marked and decided; this is the temperament for enduring much mental as well as bodily labour. The sanguine temperament has well-defined forms, moderate plumpness and firmness of flesh, light or red hair, blue eyes, and fair and often ruddy countenance. It is accompanied with great activity of the blood-vessels, an animated countenance, and a love of out-door exercises. With a mixture of the bilious-for in most individuals the temperaments are mixed, often all four occurring in | fortunate family likeness; while Melancthon's head may one person-it would give the soldier's temperament. be taken as a type of high virtue and intelligence.* The brain is active. The lymphatic temperament is indicated by a round form, as in the fat and corpulent, soft flesh, full cellular tissue, fair hair, and pale skin. The vital action is languid, the circulation weak and slow. The brain also is slow and feeble in its action, and the mental manifestations correspond.* It must be kept in mind that the temperaments are only useful in comparing different brains; and this well illustrates what is meant by the condition of cæteris paribus, or other things being equal, a phrase much used in phrenology. If two brains, in every way similarly organised in size, differ in manifestation of power and activity, we must look to the temperaments of the individuals; and if we find one nervous and the other lymphatic, we have a key at once to the difficulty. In the same brain all the organs, being influenced by the same temperament, must be subject to precisely the same modification. Various causes of the temperaments have been propounded, but none satisfactory; the effects more concern us, and these are now tolerably well recognised. In Mr Combe's System (4th edition, page 43) there are coloured portraits of the temperaments, which convey a very satisfactory idea of them. We would recommend to our readers to see these, as we are precluded by our method of printing from introducing coloured engravings. The temperaments and their mixtures, for they are rarely if ever found unmixed, should be observed in living subjects. 2. The brain must be in a sound healthy condition, to manifest itself properly in the mental faculties. In judging of character the phrenologist must inquire into this circumstance, as the external development does not reveal it. 3. Exercise or whether or not, and how, the brain has been exercised-is another condition to be inquired into before judging of two individuals similarly organised. The brain which has been the more, and more judiciously, exercised, will manifest the greater degree of activity and power. The law of exercise is of universal application to animals, if not to organisation in general. A muscle or nerve is strengthened by exercise; and a tree or plant by the motion given it by the wind. Over-exercise injures the brain. It is only another mode of inquiring into the circumstance of exercise of brain, when a phrenologist asks what opportunities of education an individual has enjoyed, and to what kind of society he has been accustomed. To this information he is entitled in judging of character, for the head alone will not reveal it. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. THE PRIMITIVE FACULTIES OF MIND, AS CONNECTED WITH Mind, which was considered by the metaphysician as a single thing or essence, was said by them to b capable of being in different states, in each of which states it made one of its various manifestations, memory, judgment, anger, &c. In no particular doe the phrenological hypothesis differ more from th metaphysical than in this. The phrenological doctrin is, that the brain, the organ of the mind, is divided int various faculties, each of which has its own modes o acting. It is held First, That by accurate observation of human actions it is possible to discriminate the dispositions and in tellectual power of man, such as love, anger, beneve lence, observation, reflection, &c. Secondly, That the true form of the brain+ can b ascertained from the external form of the head; th brain, though the softer substance, being what rul the shape of the skull, just as a shell takes its for from the animal within. Thirdly, The organs or parts into which the brain divided, all of which organs are possessed by ever individual except in the case of idiocy, appear on th brain's surface in folds or convolutions, somewhat l the bowels or viscera of an animal, but have a wel ascertained fibrous connexion through the whole su stance of the brain with one point at its base, call the medulla oblongata, which unites the brain to th spinal cord. The organs have thus each a conical for from the medulla oblongata to the surface; the whe being not inaptly compared to the stalks and flower a cauliflower. Fourthly, The brain is divided into two equal par called hemispheres; on each side of the fosse or divisi between these hemispheres the same organ occurs; the organs are therefore double, in analogy with t eyes, ears, &c. But when the term organ is used, bo organs are meant. The organs which are situated cle to the middle line vertically drawn on the head, thou close to each other, are nevertheless double; for e ample, Individuality, Benevolence, Firmness, &c. * In these contrasted heads, the distinction may appear to favoured by the way in which they are placed. We can ass our readers that the heads, however placed, fully make out contrast here insisted on. If size of organ implies vigour of function, it is of great moment in what region of the brain the organs are largest-whether in the animal, moral, or intellectual. On this preponderance depends the character. Two brains may be exactly alike in size, generally, yet the characters may be perfect contrasts to each other. If the organs predominate in the moral region, the leading manifestations will probably be of a virtuous character; if in the intellectual, talent will be the probable consequence; if in the animal, there will be tendencies accordingly. There is nearly as much brain in fig. 4 as in fig. 3; yet fig. 3 is the head of Melancthon, the most virtuous and talented of the reformers; while fig. 4 is the atrocious criminal Hare, who murdered by wholesale for gain. The superiority of fig. 3 in intellect is obvious by one glance at the high and full forehead, compared with "the forehead villanous low," as ShakThe skull being formed of two plates, a partial separati speare would have called it, of fig. 4. The horizontal line in fig. 4 shows the shallowness of moral brain. A line generally in the forehead over the nose, often takes place, ead drawn from the same points in fig. 3 would show a much the frontal sinus. This has given rise to much controversy, i greater depth; while the mass of brain behind the ear Its consequences, which do not affect the general truths of in fig. 4, compared with fig. 3, shows the preponderance science, are treated of in most of the phrenological works. of animal brain in the former. Hare's head is an ave- may add, that every student of phrenology should understand rage specimen of the criminal type, of which there are anatomy of the brain, although such knowledge is not indisp hundreds in the phrenological museums, all of one un-able. We cannot enter on the subject of the brain here, but commend Dr Spurzheim's work on the brain, and a brief i A profile view of the naked brain, with the connected ner and vessels, is given in the former sheet, entitled ** Acen of the Human Body." more importance has been given it by opponents than it descri *For a fuller description of the temperaments, see the sheet clear exposition of its anatomy in Mr Combe's System, 4th editi ACCOUNT OF THE HUMAN BODY. Fifthly, Besides the brain proper, there is a smaller | power, in spite of their intellectual deficiency. A mode rain, attached to the hinder part of the base of the train, called the cerebellum. Surthly, The brain, including the cerebellum, is divided lato the anterior, middle, and posterior lobes. The cereTellam forms part of the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains all the intellectual faculties; the posterior and lower range of the middle lobe are the regions of the animal propensities; while the moral sentiments are leund, with a sort of local pre-eminence, to have their organs developed on the top or coronal surface of the Lad. rate-sized head, of which the brain is chiefly in the anterior or intellectual region, will have much more wit or cleverness than the other. Its power will be intellectual. The adage, which originated ages before these discoveries were made, must now, like many other adages, suffer modification. Phrenologists further distinguish between power and activity in the organs of the brain. Power, in whatever degree possessed, is capability of feeling, perceiving, or thinking; while activity is the exercise of power, or the putting into action the organ with more or less The gradation in size of the organs is thus denoted:-intensity. An individual, for example, may possess Very Small. Small Hather Small. Moderate. Rather Large. great power of rage and destruction, and yet it may remain quiet, and the individual be perfectly calm. His large Destructiveness, however, will be more prone It has been found convenient to express these degrees to start into activity than a smaller would. Activity numbers, thus: 16. (Rather Large.) Idiocy.) 8. (Rather Small.) 15. 10. (Moderate.) 11. 12. (Rather Full.) 13. 14. (Full.) 18. (Large.) 19. 20. (Very Large.) The intermediate numbers, 3, 5, 7, &c., denote someang between the two denominations, and have been kurd useful. is measured by the rapidity with which the faculties act. Clever brilliant men have active but moderatesized brains, and do not make the impression, or command the homage, of larger, and of course more powerful, heads. The powers of mind, as manifested by the organs, are called faculties. A faculty may be defined to be a particular power of thinking or feeling. A faculty has seven characteristics, in order to our concluding it primitive and distinct in the mind-namely, 1. When it exists in one kind of animal and not in another; 2. When it varies in the two sexes of the same species; 3. When it is not in proportion to the other faculties of the same individual; 4. When it appears earlier or later in life than the other faculties; 5. When it may act or repose singly; 6. When it is propagated froni parent to child; and, 7. When it may singly preserve health, or singly manifest disease. la practice, the general size of the head is meared, in several directions, with calliper compasses. isenty males, from 25 to 50 years of age, measured, the occipital spine (the bony knot over the hollow the neck) to the point over the nose between the trows, on an average, 7 inches; some of them ag as high as 8 2-8ths, and others as low as 6. Fm the occipital spine to the hollow of the ear, the rage was 4; some being as high as 5, others as low From the hollow of the car to the point between eyebrows, as above, average nearly 5; some being others 44. From the same hollow of the ear to the f the head, about an inch behind the centre (the an of Firmness), the average was 5 9-10ths; some 64, others 54. Across the head, from a little the tops of the ears (from Destructiveness to structiveness), the average was 5 8-10ths; some being others 54. The averages are in these twenty indials higher than those of the natives of Britain erally, some of them being large, and none small. 11 ought never to be lost sight of, that, in estimating aracter from development, it is not legitimate to go of the same head, and compare any organ with the organ in another head. This will never ascertain fect of a particular organ in the head where it tata; and for the plainest reason, that character is ther word for the most powerful organs, as modified their neighbours in the same head. A virtuous we may have the organ of Destructiveness abso-judge. y larger than a person remarkable for a violent We owe to Dr Spurzheim the names of most of the tion; but it will be found that there are moral faculties as yet in use; and they have only been ridicaties to control, or that there has been education culed, on account of their novelty, by those who did not dify, in the one person, and not in the other. perceive their logical accuracy. In all the propensie relative size of the organs in the same head has ties, we find the termination ive to denote the quality of en compared to the relative size of the fingers in the producing-as Destructive. To this is added the sylhand. We do not think of comparing any one lable ness, to denote the abstract state. Instead of ive, Er with the same finger in other hands. But, in the termination ous is found in the name of a sentiment, dying phrenology, different heads may be compared, with ness added-as Cautious-ness, Conscientious-ness order to observe where particular organs are abso-to express the abstract quality. The names of the y large, and where they are absolutely small. The er should first attend to extreme cases of size, as most easily observed. DIVISION OR CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. The faculties have been divided by Gall and Spurzheim into two great orders-FEELING and INTELLECT, or AFFECTIVE and INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. The Feelings are divided into two genera-the Propensities and the Sentiments. By a propensity is meant an internal impulse, which incites to a certain action, and no more; by a sentiment, a feeling which, although it has inclination, has also an emotion superadded. The second order of faculties, the Intellectual, also suffers division into the Perceptive or Knowing, and the Reflective Faculties. The Perceptive Faculties are again divided into three genera-1st, the External Senses and Voluntary Motion; 2d, the Internal Powers which perceive existence, or make man and animals acquainted with external objects and their physical qualities; and, 3d, the Powers which perceive the relations of external objects. The fourth genus comprises the Reflective Faculties, which act on all the other powers; in other words, compare, discriminate, and intellectual faculties require no explanation. The arrangement of the faculties generally adopted in the present state of the science, is that of Dr Spurzheim in the third edition of his Phrenology, 1825—an arrangement to which he was led by the anatomy of the brain. In the case of many of the organs, the proof from observation is so strong, that these are said to be esta * Dr Gall created a prejudice against the science by naming certain faculties from their abuse, as the organs of theft and murder, &c. This was corrected by Dr Spurzheim. |