1. What is the difference between a postulate and an axiom? Of what use are they in the

demonstrations?

2. Proposition 11. Problem-Draw a straight line at right angles to a given straight line from a given point in the same.

3. Describe an isosceles triangle, the base and one of its sides being given.

4. Proposition 32, Theorem Corollary 2; All the exterior angles of any rectilineal figure made by producing the sides successively in the same direction are together equal to four right angles. 5. A piece of ground is bounded by five sides of different lengths, and there are obstructions, so that the interior angles cannot be taken, on boning out the sides in succession the following external angles were taken, 72° 15', 56° 10', 45° 45', 66° 30', and 120° 10'. Shew there is a slight error here and how much it amounts to.

6. Proposition 34, Theorem; The opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are equal to one another, and the diameter bisects them, that is, divides them into two equal parts.

7. Bisect the parallelogram from any assumed point in one of the sides; also by a line drawn perpendicular to one of the sides.

8. Proposition 38, Theorem; Triangles upon equal bases and between the same parallels are equal to one another.

9. Divide an equilateral triangle into four equal triangles.

Book 2.

10. Proposition 7, Theorem; If a straight line be divided into any two parts the squares of the whole line, and one of the parts, are equal to twice the rectangle contained by the whole and that part, together with the square of the other part:

Prove this by Euclid's demonstration, and also (if there be time) algebraically.

11. Proposition 14. Problem. Describe a square equal to a given rectilineal figure.

SECOND DAY.-AFTERNOON.

MENSURATION.

1. A circular grass plot, 15 yards in diameter, is enclosed by a circular gravel walk 7 ft. 6, i. e. 2 yards wide,-what ground does each cover?

2. A cylindrical zinc cistern is 4 feet diameter and 6 feet deep,-how much water will it contain, reckoning 6 gallons and 1 pint to each cubic foot?

3.

The apse of a church is in the form of half a semi-sphere, 20 feet in diameter, and is

covered with 7 lb. lead; there are three lead rolls, averaging the width of 4 inches each, extra to the curved superficial measurement, a flashing next to the church 6 inches wide, and a gutter round the parapet 8 inches wide,—what will be its cost at 35s. per cwt. including solder, nails, &c. complete?

4. Wanting to know the width of a moat to an old castle, my friend drops a tape down

48 FT

from the top of the battlements till it touches the water, which he finds to be 32 feet; he then throws me the end, which I catch, and strain the tape across to the edge of the moat, as shewn by the dotted line, and find it measures 48 feet, what is the width of the water?

5. It is required to set out a circle for foot racing in a gymnasium to a public school, five times round, which shall be a measured mile,-what will be its diameter?

6. The old Winchester bushel was 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep,-how much did that differ from the imperial bushel, containing 2218.192 cubic inches?

PHYSICS.

1. Give a short account of what have usually been termed the six mechanical powers. How many orders of levers are there; sketch them, shewing the fulcrum F, the power exerted P, and the weight W? Give the formula for the respective forces.

12.FT

A

2. Explain the theorem called the parallelogram of forces, particularly as applied to a crane. Suppose suspended weight W = 10 tons; show by a diagram, to large scale of equal parts, the strains and the compressing forces on the various limbs; AC being the jib; AB the suspension rod; and BC the crane post. What is the strain upon the lower pintle C?

3. If a beam be supported at one end and loaded at the other, and will bear one ton; what will the same bear with the load equally distributed? If supported at both ends and loaded in the centre? If supported at both ends and the load equally distributed?

4. Apply the theory of the parallelogram of forces to a common king-post roof, one-third pitch, shew what parts are in compression; and what in tension, and in what proportion: supposing the trusses to be 10 ft. apart from centre to centre, and that the covering weighs 8 cwt. per square?

33.0.

What often occurs

5. What is the difference in specific gravity between heated and cold air. when a fire has been made at night in a bed room and suffered to go out, and why? What is meant by a plenum and vacuum in ventilation. What are the causes o aughts; and the methods generally taken to prevent them?

6. What is meant by direct, diffused, and reflected light? If a high building is erected to the north ofa client's windows in what way is he injured, and of what class of light is he deprived?

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE, ESTIMATING, &c.

1. Give a short sketch of the clauses usually introduced into a contract, to ensure the completeness and efficiency of the various trades, the excellency of the materials and workmanship employed, and the time allotted for completion,—and add such clauses as will protect both the client and architect against claims for extras on works in the specification, and for other unauthorized and unjust charges.

2. What clauses should be introduced into a contract to render the builder liable for any hidden or concealed defects which may appear after the works are completed, and the accounts settled? What are the proper clauses with regard to roofs, drains, &c. which compel the builder to keep the same in repair for a reasonable time after the completion of the works.

3. How are approximate estimates of the probable cost of buildings usually made, when the rough plans are completed, and there is no time to take out proper detailed quantities?

4. What is the value of a rod of brick-work the walls 14-brick thick, faced with stock bricks at 30s. per M. alongside, backed with and bonded to grizzles at 26s., wharfage 1s., and cartage 3s. per M.; the lime at 12s. per hundred, and sand at 3s. 6d. per yard, both delivered; the scaffolding and labor as usual; the profit 10 per cent. on the bricks, and 15 per cent. on the rest of the work? Give sketches to shew how the bricks should be laid so as to insure a perfect bond in this work, and also in two-brick work; and the ways in which this is often evaded.

5. Give a short account of the customary method of measuring brick-work in London, especially as to the deductions? How is cube brick-work converted into reduced? What is meant by ramps, rakes, bird's-mouths, and skew-coins? How are they usually taken and priced? The like of sailing courses, dentil courses, single and double tile creasing, and any other similar work you may remember.

6. What is the customary method of measuring timber in London, when completed and fixed in a building?

If fir be worth £4. 5s. per load delivered into the builder's yard, put the price to the following items, allowing 15 per cent. profit.—

Fir-no labor.

Do. in bond, plates, lintels, and wood bricks.

Do. framed in floors.

Do. do. in roofs.

Do. wrought framed in ditto.

Do. in proper solid door and window frames.

7. To what dilapidations are tenants from year to year subject? If a tenant holds a house for a short term under the simple covenants "to uphold and maintain," how would you treat the question of papering and painting?

THIRD DAY.-MORNING.

MATERIALS.

1. What is meant by the word concrete, and what are its uses? What is it composed of and in what proportions?

2. What are the descriptions of lime generally in use? State the various qualities of chalk lime, that which is called grey stone lime, blue lias, and any other specimens you may have seen used. 3. What is the difference between kiln and clamp burnt bricks, and in what parts of the manufacture are the chief differences? Clamp burnt bricks are divided into two great divisions, commons and malms;—what are the subdivisions of each, and what are their uses and qualities?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of compressed bricks, and of perforated bricks? Where are the best red, white, or yellow facing bricks usually obtained from? What process of manufacture gives the best malms the peculiarly bright yellow hue?

5. Of what nature is Kentish rag stone, and whence is it obtained, and how is it generally worked? Shew by sketches the various ways in which it is used, as rough rag in foundations, random work, random-coursed work, regular coursed work, header work, arris-tooled quoins, and any other sorts you may remember. If backed with bricks how should it be bonded?

6. What are the other principal stones in use about London? Name as many as you can recollect, under the heads of primary or secondary stones, oolitic lime stones, magnesian lime stones, grit and other sand stones, &c.

7. What are the various species of fir timber generally in use in this country? What are the different names and qualities of the various sorts of Baltic and Archangel timber? Describe the various sorts brought from Canada and North America, and shew the very great difference between them in quality. What are the usual lengths of the sticks of timber imported, and what will they square to, without considering "out-sized" samples?

CONSTRUCTION.

Each candidate will draw one or more of the following details (to the scales as stated below) of the work he has done on the first day. He may improve on the character of his design therein.

One bay of the groining: plan, sections, &c. carried out as complete working drawings to a in. scale, with sections of the ribs, &c. to quarter full size.

One bay of the roof to in. scale, shewing the framing, caulkings to plate, construction of curved braces, junction of principals and ridge, iron bolts, straps and ties, and other detail.

One of the principal windows (with plan) to in. scale; the mouldings to quarter full size.

It is essential that each Candidate should append to the above a detailed specification of the work in each of the above subjects that he undertakes.

HISTORY AND LITERATURE.

1. Give an outline of the characteristics of the principal styles of architecture in Europe. 2. Give an account of the principal characteristics and history of any one style selected by the Candidate.

Inasmuch as the different Candidates have signified their desire to be examined, some in one stated branch, and some in several of various styles of architecture, and as separate sets of questions on each style would run to a most inconvenient length and be productive of great confusion, the Examiners have thought it better to request each Candidate to write a short, clear and comprehensive thesis on the particular style or styles of which he has already made choice, according to the marginal note which will be made by the Moderators on this paper when it is delivered to him. In awarding the marks no preference will be given to the selection of any one style before another; but the allotment of marks for the second question will depend on the knowledge and discrimination evinced by each Candidate in the treatment of those branches of architecture which he has selected.

The thesis is to be written in plain clear English, avoiding a loose incorrect style, and at the same time not affecting fine writing; and is to be illustrated plentifully in the margin by sketches of the various details to which allusion may be required. The following instructions to be strictly observed.

In Classic Architecture, in addition to the general history and description of the Greek style, careful notice should be taken of the succession and contour of the mouldings, the proportion of the orders, the character of the foliages and other ornamentation, and particularly the difference between the early examples, those of the age of Pericles, and the debasement under Hadrian.

If Roman Architecture be the subject selected, there should be a careful comparison of the various orders and their details, particularly the mouldings, capitals, bases, and other parts of the

ordonnance.

If the later period of the Roman Emperors be selected, the variations in detail from the ancient types, as twisted columns, arcades without architraves, and other similar changes should be noticed.

In treating of the Romanesque and Norman, the transition from the plainer to the more elaborate forms should be noticed, the characteristics of the architecture supposed to be Saxon, that of the reign of the 1st and 2nd William and that of Henry II, including the early use of the pointed arch, the interlaced system of arcading, and the other salient points of the Anglo-Norman.

The architecture called Early English should be described with all its differences from the Norman, the changes of the shafted columns, piers and arches, groining, windows, and other details, as will be enumerated below; also the transition to the Geometrical Gothic.

If the Decorated period or fourteenth century architecture be selected, the like differences should be described, and particularly the various systems of tracery, whether geometrical, net-like, flowing or leaf-like, and the transition to the architecture peculiar to the fifteenth century.

The Perpendicular should be treated in the same way, tracing its changes down to the corrupt or debased period.

In treating of the Mediaval styles, describe the characteristics of the piers and arches; the pitch of the roofs, and their design (if of timber), and the groinings (if of stone), with their varied forms, and the nature, disposition and names of the different ribs; the arrangement of doors and windows with their decorations, tracery, &c.; the state of art as to the carving of figures, foliages, &c. must

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