specting his conduct. This she does with various degrees of force, and in different manners; and he seems readily to understand the intimation intended to be conveyed. In short, by gratifying him when he acts properly, and withholding from him the objects of his complacency when he has done amiss, he has been taught a sense of what is becoming in manners, and proper in conduct, much stronger than it could be otherwise believed that any person in his singularly unfortunate situation could acquire."

Several further details are given of this interesting case in the above transactions, by the late Professor D. Stewart, Dr Gordon, lecturer on physiology, Sir James Mackintosh, Miss Mitchell, and others. The extracts now cited from Professor Glennie's account may, however, suffice to shew the display of character evinced under such remarkable and fortunately rare circumstances. Another case is detailed in Hibbert's Description of Shetland, of a lad born blind and deaf, but he appears to have been at the same time idiotic, so that the case is not calculated to afford the same interest to the general reader.

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CHAPTER XI.

SMELL AND TASTE.

Intimate connexion between Smell and Taste-Not of much importance as Intellectual Channels. SMELL.-The Nostrils-Confidence reposed in Smell by several of the Lower Animals-Its excellence in the Dog-Smell in Vultures— In the Raven-In Fishes-Odours-Gratification derived from Odours influenced by Constitution, Habit, &c.-Classification of-Permanence, Extent, and Divisibility of-Morbid Conditions. TASTE.-Seat of-Papillæ of the Tongue -Savours-Classification of-Influence of Habit-Acquired Tastes-Affected by the State of the Stomach-Morbid Conditions-Gustatory Organs in different Classes of Animals-The Condition of Matter necessary to excite Taste.

THE senses of smell and taste may, to a certain extent, be considered in connexion. Their respective functions have a reference to digestion, and are in some measure subservient to it. They are more closely associated than any of the other senses, and under some circumstances their co-operation is essential to the due performance of their office. Thus, when the nostrils are obstructed, taste is considerably impaired, and pleasurable or disagreeable sensations produced by many substances depend on a combined result of the impressions on the organs of smell and taste. Neither of them are of much importance as intellectual organs in civilized life, therefore they are not much cultivated; indeed, much attention to their gratification is held as being in an especial manner sensual, and rather to be avoided than indulged in. This ought to refer, however, only to their abuse, and not to their proper and legitimate use. None of our faculties are to be despised or neglected because they may be wrongfully em

ployed, or rendered subservient to the degradation of individuals. Smell is useful to the apothecary, the chemist, and the perfumer, and taste to the two former of these, as well as to the wine-taster, the grocer, the teataster, &c.

SMELL.

Of the fourteen bones which enter into the formation of the face, only three are excluded from forming a part of the cavities of the nostrils, namely, the two cheek bones and the lower jaw. Three of the eight bones of the cranium likewise constitute a part of the nose. Several of these are extremely light and spongy in their texture, and are curiously convoluted and laminated, so as to present a very extensive surface, especially in animals remarkable for the acuteness of their scent. In the seal, for example, the external surface of the nose has been estimated as equal to 240 cubic inches. The two bones of the upper jaw form a considerable portion of the nose; from each a process projects upwards, and ascends to join the frontal bone. Upon these processes rest two small bones, named nasal, which are united with each other, and form the bridge of the nose, the two upper jaw-bones serving as abutments to the arch. The internal bones are extremely delicate and spongy. Their laminated and convoluted structure has suggested the idea of a Turkish turban : hence they are termed turbinated bones. In connexion with the nostrils, especially in the adult, there are several cavities, as in the frontal and upper jaw-bones, that are called sinuses. These sinuses considerably extend the surface on which the lining membrane is expanded, and contribute to the perfection of the function, by affording capacious receptacles for air, loaded with odorous particles. The nose is divided by a central partition into the two symmetrical organs, the nostrils, in the same manner as are all the other organs in the body which are placed in what has been named the median plane, as the

mouth, tongue, larynx, &c. Besides the bones, there are cartilages which enter into the formation of the nostrils; one of these completes the central partition, two others extend from the lower margin of the nasal bones, and two lateral cartilages form the wings of the nostrils. These elastic bodies readily admit of motion and modification of shape in the nose; at the same time they contribute to its form and shape as characteristic of the individual, or of the race. In some animals these cartilages are largely developed, as in the elephant, in the formation of the proboscis, an instrument of varied powers, and applicable, under the control of the will, to a great variety of purposes. Attached to the cartilages there are several muscular fibres for the movement of the nostrils, for regulating the external orifices in accordance with different conditions of respiration, and for enabling us to exercise the sense of smell with greater effect when we wish voluntarily to employ that function.

The lining membrane of the nose belongs to the class of mucous membranes, and from the anatomist who first gave a particular description of it, it is known by the name of the Schneiderian. From being the source of the phlegm or mucus of the nose, it is likewise termed pituitary membrane. This membrane is prolonged into all the cavities connected with the nostrils, and over the whole of the laminated folds of the spongy bones. Externally it is continuous with the common integuments, and posteriorly with the lining membrane of the throat. It differs in its appearance and thickness in different situations. Where it constitutes the immediate seat of smell it is thicker, more vascular, and of a redder colour than mucous membrane in other situations; but where it is extended into the sinuses, it becomes thin, pale, and of a smooth surface. The thick vascular portion is covered with a shaggy filamentous nap, like the pile of velvet, amidst which there are scattered numerous little mucous crypts that yield the secretion with which it is chiefly moistened, though it

is also bathed with the tears that, after having washed the external surface of the eye, are conveyed by the nasal ducts to be diffused over the internal surface of the nose, in order to dilute the thick viscid mucus. The bloodvessels of this part are exceedingly numerous, and present a very curious modification of distribution. The nerves, as we have already seen, are derived from three sources. The first pair, or olfactory, are limited to the thick vascular portion, and constitute the immediate channels for the transmission of odorous sensations to the brain. Twigs from the first and second branches of the fifth are plentifully ramified over the whole expanse of the pituitary membrane, imparting to it common sensibility. Lastly, there are branches from the facial, to regulate the action of the muscles.

The apparatus of smell presents great diversities in different tribes of animals, some of the class mammalia placing more confidence in it than all their other senses taken together. This is remarkably the case with ruminants, as oxen, sheep, deer, and antelopes. The shepherd occasionally avails himself of it, when a lamb has died, and he wishes to put to the ewe another lamb that may have lost its dam; if she refuses to foster the stranger, he is sure to succeed by stripping off the skin of her own offspring and tying it on the back of the stranger, that she may smell the skin; she then entertains and treats it as her own. In this case she neglects the sense of sight, for nothing can be more uncouth than the new object of her affections; neither does she attend to the evidence afforded by hearing; however unlike the bleating of the foster lamb may be to that to which she was first accustomed, her smelling is satisfied, and she is content. The same practice succeeds with the cow. Such are

termed in Scotland tulchan lambs and tulchan calves. When the lay nobility seized on the property and dues of the church at the Reformation, and the people began to demur paying tithes of many things previously paid to