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Now equation (2) gives

x2-vx=-1.

Whence x=[v+√v2—4], and x=‡[v— √v2—4], from which, by substituting the value of v, we obtain

and

x=1[√5—1±√—10—2√5],

=[−√5—1±√√10+2√5].

Hence the fifth roots of unity are

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Ex. 5. Find the six roots of the equation x6=1. These are found by taking the square roots of the cube roots. Hence we have

+1, −1, 1±1√−3, −1±{√−3.

Ex. 6. Find the four roots of the equation x=-1, or 24+1=0.

The first member may be made a complete square by adding 2x2; that is, x2+2x2+1=2x2,

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These four values, together with the four values found in Ex. 3, are the eight roots of the equation

x8=1.

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Ex. 2. Given a (2x+196—10a)=b(x+76), to find the value

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11

8

of x.

Ex. 9. Given 114x=x+667-5x-91, to find the value

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Ex. 10. Given

3a+x
x

6

.5= to find the value of x.

Ans. x=

3a-6

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Ex. 13. Given (m—x)(n−x)=(p+x)(x−q), to find the val

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Ex. 17. Given (8—3x)2+(4—4x)2=(9—5x)2, to find the val

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PROBLEMS INVOLVING EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST DEGREE WITH ONE UNKNOWN QUANTITY.

Prob. 1. Said an old miser, For 50 years I have saved 200 dollars annually; and for many years, each of my four sons has saved annually the same sum, viz., the oldest for 27 years past, the second since 24 years, the third since 19, and the fourth since 16 years. How long since the savings of the four sons amounted in the aggregate to as much as those of the father? Ans. 12 years.

Prob. 2. From four towns, A, B, C, D, lying along the same road, four persons start in the stage-coach for the same place, E. The distance from A to B is 19 miles, from B to C 3 miles, and from C to D 5 miles. It subsequently appeared that the person who started from A paid as much fare as the three oth. er persons together; and the fare per mile was the same for each. It is required to determine the distance from D to E. Ans. 7 miles.

Prob. 3. Five towns, A, B, C, D, E, are situated along the same highway. The distance from A to B is 37 miles, from B to D 34, and from D to E 14 miles. A merchant at C, situated between A and D, receives at one time 8 tons of goods from A, and 6 tons from B. At another time he receives 11 tons from D, and 9 from E, and in the latter case he paid the same amount for freight as in the former, the rate of transportation being the same in both cases. It is required to compute the distance from B to C. Ans. 15 miles.

Prob. 4. If 20 quarts of water flow into a reservoir every 3 minutes, after a certain time it will still lack 40 quarts of being full. But if 52 quarts flow into it every 5 minutes during the same period, 72 quarts of water will have overflown. What is the capacity of the reservoir, and how many quarts of water must flow into it every minute in order that it may be just filled in the time before mentioned?

Ans. The capacity of the reservoir is 240 quarts, and 8 quarts must flow into it every minute.

Prob. 5. A mason, by working 10 hours daily, could com

plete in a week as much over 888 cubic feet of wall as at pres ent he completes less than 888 cubic feet, working only 8 hours daily. How many cubic feet of wall does he now complete weekly? Ans. 816 cubic feet. Prob. 6. After a certain time I have $670 to pay, and 41 months later I have $980 to pay. I settle both bills at once, at 4 per cent. discount, for $1594.41. When did the first sum become due? Ans. After 5 months.

Prob. 7. A merchant gains 8 per cent. when he sells a hogshead of oil at 36 dollars. How much per cent. does he gain or lose when he sells a hogshead at 32 dollars?

Ans. He loses 4 per cent. Prob. 8. A merchant loses 24 per cent. when he sells a bag of coffee for 39 dollars. How much per cent. does he gain or lose when he sells a bag of coffee for 41 dollars?

Ans. He gains 34 per cent.

Prob. 9. A merchant owes $2007, to be paid after 5 months, $3395 after 7 months, and $6740 after 13 months. When should the entire sum of $12,142 be paid, so that neither party may sustain any loss? Ans. After 10 months.

Prob. 10. A merchant has three, sums of money to pay, viz., $1013 after 3 months, $431 four months later, and the third sum still four months later. How large is the third sum, supposing he could pay the three bills together in 6 months without loss or gain? Ans. $428. Prob. 11. A merchant has two kinds of tobacco; the one cost 40 cents per pound, the other 24 cents. He wishes to mix the two kinds together, so that he may sell it at 34 cents per pound without loss or gain. How much must he take of each sort in order to have 64 pounds of the mixture?

Ans. 40 pounds of the better sort, and 24 pounds of

the poorer.

Prob. 12. A vinegar dealer wishes to dilute his vinegar with water. At present he sells his vinegar at 6 dollars per hogshead (120 quarts). How much water must he add to 291 hogsheads in order to be able to sell the mixture at 4 cents per Ans. 7 hogsheads.

quart?

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