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§ 190. ON THe pestilence.

211

LENCE, (the secondary causes of it being overlooked,) is attributed directly to God, Exod. 11: 4-7. 12: 23, 29. comp. Ps. 78: 49, 50; also to an angel, 2 Sam. 24: 15, 16, who is represented as slaying men with a sword, and, in 1 Chron. 21: 16, is described with the additional circumstance of being elevated between heaven and earth. But that God, or the angel in these instances, is merely the PESTILENCE itself, the original cause being put for the effect, and being identified with it, in a way, which is not common among us, seems to be sufficiently clear from 2 Sam. 24: 12, 15, where a pestilence with its ordinary and natural attributes is the prominent subject of discourse. This view of the subject gives a reason, why the Septuagint renders the word or pestilence, in Psalm 91:6, by daiμoviov μɛonμßoivov, i. e. the demon of noon-day; and why Jonathan renders the same word in the Chaldee Targum, Habak. 3: 5, by the Chaldee word, angel or messenger.

We lay it down then, as a general principle, that wherever we are told, an angel scatters abroad a pestilence, the pestilence merely is meant by such expressions. Apply it for instance to the destruction of Sennacherib's army, 2 Kgs. 19: 35. comp. 2 Kgs. 18: 23. 19:6-8. In this destruction, an hundred and eighty five thousand men perished. We are told, it was done by an angel, but we know, this was a common mode of speech, and that all natural events and effects were frequently described, as the messengers or angels of God. If we seek then for a natural cause, for so wide a destruction, we fix immediately upon the PESTILENCE, which is most violent in its first attack, and might well have destroyed the hundred and eighty five thousand Assyrians, if the spoils of Egypt, infected with its contagious properties, had been scattered through the camp. The idea, that Sennacherib's army perished by means of the PESTILENCE, communicated in the way above alluded to, or some other, agrees better than any other bypothesis, with the fact, that the survivors in that army were not aware, till the return of the morning light, of the immense number, that had died.

If f any one wishes to be informed further concerning the nature of the pestilence, and the symptoms exhibited by an infected person, let him consult the original German edition of this Work, T. II. P. I. § 223. pp. 389-397. It will merely be remarked here, in reference to those topicks, that no one ever recovered

212 § 191. DISEASE OF SAUL AND NEBUCHADNEZzar.

from the pestilence, unless the boil of the pestilence came out upon him. And even then, he could not always be cured, 2 Kgs. 20:7. Isa. 38: 21.

§ 191. THE DISEASE OF SAUL and Nebuchadnezzar.

The position, which we have endeavoured to defend in the preceding section, that diseases and events of rare occurrence, and, we may add here, events likewise of daily occurrence, were attributed by the ancient Hebrews to God, or to some angel, as his messenger, throws light upon many passages, of Scripture.

A person, who understands the extent and the proper bearing of that principle, will readily see, that the spirit of God,, which departed from Saul, was no other, than an upright and a generous tendency of mind; and that the evil spirit from the Lord,

with
terror

.Sam 1 רוּחַ רָעָה מֵאֵת יְהוָה which beset and filled him

16:14, 15. 18:10. 10: 9, was a sort of madness, which had the effect of deceiving him into the idea, that he was a prophet; for it seems, that he prophesied, Nan, and, in all probability, predicted the loss of his own kingdom. The Targum of Jonathan, accordingly, renders the word Nan, he was mad or insane. THIS EVIL SPIRIT, in a word, was not more a spirit or messenger from God, than the evil spirit, which, in Judges 9: 23, is said to have been sent by him among the Shechemites; and which, certainly, as was evident even to the ancient interpreters, and has been since to every body else, was nothing more, than the spirit of strife and dissension. In the same way, that the spirit of fornication,

other is

, in Hosea 4: 12, is merely lust, compare 1 Sam. 11: 6. 16: 14. Jud. 3:10. 6: 34. 11:29. 14: 6. Ps. 51: 11. Ezra 11: 19. 18:31. · This representation more than any suitable to the fact, that Saul was benefitted by musick; for the charms of musick, however great its efficacy in any other case, would have been very incompetent to the task of subduing the untractable spirit of a real demon.

This mode of speaking did not originate, as some have supposed, in the time of the captivity, from the doctrine held by the Mehestani, although it undoubtedly at that time became more common, and was used with greater latitude, than at any previous period. For, agreeably to this mode of speech and to the belief

$192. RESPECTING DEMONIACKS.

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on which it is founded, viz. the subordinate agency of angels, we find mention made in Daniel 4: 10, 14, 20, [consult Michaelis' edition of the Hebrew Bible,] of or star-watchers. The designs or the decrees of these "holy watchers," as they are termed, which are made known to Nebuchadnezzar in his vision, and are stated in the verses above mentioned, are referred by Daniel in the twenty eighth verse of the same chapter to the immediate agency of God himself; a circumstance, which is altogether conformable to what has been already stated, in this, and the preceding section, on this subject.

The disease of Nebuchadnezzar, mentioned in this chapter, was that of insanity or madness. His mind was in such a state, his reasoning powers were so perverted and deranged, that it appeared to him, as if he heard a voice from heaven, declaring his expulsion from the kingdom; and he imagined, that he was really transformed into a beast. Accordingly he acknowledges, in the fourth chapter, 31, 33, that he had again received the use of his reason; which is an evidence, that he understood the disease, from which he had recovered, to have been insanity.

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The inquiry respecting the DEMONIACKS, who are so often introduced in the New Testament, and likewise in the writings of profane authors of antiquity, is a very intricate and a very difficult There are some persons, who contend, that the DEMONIACKS were all of them either madmen, epilepticks, or persons subject to melancholy; and they make their appeal in behalf of their opinions to physicians. They, accordingly, in their interpretation of those expressions, which are employed in reference to DEMONIACKS, go on the principle, that the sacred writers meant by them the same and nothing more, than would be naturally meant, in case the possessed persons were merely the subjects of those dis

eases.

Other persons, both theologians and physicians, have strong objections to this view of the subject. In their estimation, the expressions in the New Testament clearly imply, that the DEMONIACKS were possessed by an evil spirit; and this state of things, they suppose, was permitted in the providence of God, in order

214 § 193.

DEMONIACKS POSSESSED WITH A DEvil.

to give to the Saviour an opportunity to exhibit his miraculous powers.

We have no disposition at present to exhibit ourselves, as partisans in this controversy, and shall only endeavour to give an impartial statement of the arguments on both sides, so as to leave the reader in a condition to form his own opinion.

§ 193. DEMONIACKS WERE POSSESsed with a Devil.

It will be our object, in the first place, to state the arguments in favour of the opinion, that the Demoniacks were really possessed with a Devil. They are as follows.

I. They expressed themselves in a way, which is not done. by epileptick, melancholy, or insane persons, as in Matt. 8: 28. Luke 8: 27. Mark 5: 7. They possessed the supernatural power of sundering all sorts of chords and chains. They requested of Jesus not to torment them. They answered with propriety questions, which were proposed to them. Demons departed from them and entered into swine. Certainly it cannot be said in reference to this last particular, that madness or melancholy, the mere phrenzy or wanderings of the brain went out of the possessed persons into the herd. The supposition, which some make, that the swine were driven into the sea by the Demoniacks, is destitute of all probability. They would have stood a much better chance of being driven in many more directions than one, by persons of such an undisciplined, and irrational character; especially as they were two thousand in number.

II. No symptoms of disease are mentioned in the case of the dumb demoniack, introduced in Matt. 9: 32 and Luke 11: 14, nor in that of the dumb and blind demoniack, spoken of in Matt. 12: 22. The possessed persons, therefore, in both of these instances were in a sound state of body and health, with this exception merely, that the devil, (for this certainly could not have been done by epilepsy, melancholy, or madness,) obstructed their organs of speech and vision.

III. It is admitted, that the circumstances attending the case of the lunatick, in Matthew 17: 15, are such, as would be expected in the case of a person afflicted with the epilepsy; but then

$193.

DEMONIACKS POSSESSED WITH A DEVIL. 215

it should be particularly noticed, that the effects in this instance, as well as in others, are attributed to the agency of the devil..

IV. We are informed, that the damsel of Philippi, Acts 16: 16, practised divination, which evidently could not have been done by a mad or deranged person. We must conclude, therefore, that she was under the influence of an evil spirit.

V. The Demoniacks themselves say, that they are possessed with a devil. The Jews of the New Testament, who happened to be concerned on account of their relationship to the person, or in any other way, in a case of demoniacal possession, assert the same thing. The Apostles likewise and Evangelists allege, that persons possessed with demons, were brought to Jesus, and that the Demons departed at his command, Matt. 4: 24. 7: 22. 9: 33. 12: 28. Mark 1: 32, 39. 9: 25. Luke 4: 41. 8: 2, 30, 38. 9: 49. 11: 14. Jesus himself asserts, that he casts out devils, Luke 11: 19. Matt. 12:27, 28.

VI. The sacred writers make an express distinction between Demoniacks, and the sick; and likewise between the exorcism of demons, and the healing of the sick, Mark 1: 32. Luke 6: 17, 18. 7: 21. 8: 2. 13: 32. Demoniacks, therefore, were not persons afflicted with diseases, in the way that has been supposed.

VII. Demoniacks knew, what madmen, insane persons, epilepticks, and melancholy men could not of themselves know, viz. that Jesus was the Son of God, THE MESSIAH, THE SON OF DAvid, ETC. Mark 1: 24. 5: 7. Matt. 8: 29. Luke 4: 34.

VIII. Jesus speaks to the demons and asks them their name; and we find, that they answer Him. He also threatens them, commands them to be silent, to depart, and not to return, Mark 1: 25. 5: 8. 9: 25. Matt. 8: 29-31. Luke 4: 35. 8: 30-32.

IX. When the seventy disciples returned from their labours, one prominent cause of their joy was, that the devils, when the name of Christ was pronounced, obeyed them. Jesus answered them, as follows, in Luke 10: 18; "I beheld SATAN, as lightning fall from heaven. Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy, and nothing shall by any means hurt you; notwithstanding, in this rejoice not, that the SPIRITS are subject unto you, but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven."

X. When the Saviour was accused by the Pharisees of cast

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