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Small properties and small industry may and ought to be, though practically they are not always, accompanied by a relative moral inferiority in the population. 304 Superior moral elevation offered, as well as demanded, by higher industrial organization

General coincidence of ignorance, crime, and deficiency of persons of independent

means

Manufacturing always less instructed than agricultural counties, in the same

latitude

305

306

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Balance of commitments against instruction in the latter, as compared with the former period of three years

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307

307

Excess of commitments always with the greater ignorance, except in classes of crime influenced by vagrant delinquency Allowance to be made for the town influences, which assemble vagrant delinquency 309 Influences thus detected in the denser populations, rather to assemble the demoralized than to breed an excess of demoralization

Excess of commitments for the more heinous and brutal offences, and those least affected by migration of the depraved, always on the side of greater ignorance, irrespective of dispersion

Conclusion that much of the lesser crime which graduates and culminates in the more instructed localities is derived from the places of this excess of the more heinous !

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The whole excess of the more heinous offences in the South Midland and Eastern agricultural and the manufacturing counties of dispersed trades Arising chiefly from excess of malicious offences against property in counties of dispersed trades, and of greatest demoralization under the old systems of Poorlaw mismanagement

. 310

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Great decline of malicious offences against property in good times
Deficiency of offences against property in the instructed North and the unin-
structed West

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Excess of such offences wholly in London and the South Midland and Eastern agricultural counties, especially those with light domestic manufactures. Excess of offences against property with violence invariably in the most ignorant districts except the Celtic, and greatest in the South Midland agricultural counties with domestic manufactures

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A class of crime more influenced by fluctuation in employment than any other.

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Its companion classes, in this respect, malicious offences against property and offences against the currency Favourable contrast of the regions of small with those of large industry, in the moral effects of fluctuations Larceny does not decline wich better times, but is still pursued in the towns by those once entered upon it The more serious offences against property, though not against the person, in excess

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Excess of the Metropolitan, South Midland, and Eastern agricultural counties in

miscellaneous larcenies.

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319

319

Excess of simple larceny in counties of dispersed manufactures Capricious distribution of the excess of commitments for assaults and miscellaneous offences

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Great effect of augmented employment in reducing the number in the more ignorant districts, and thereby changing the general distribution of commitments. General excess in the Metropolis, Somersetshire, and the manufacturing counties. 321 Assault and riot sometimes mutable terms according to the police of the district, but equally forming, with other miscellaneous offences, a sort of nursing crime 321 Operation of improved police in repressing this kind of crime, statistically investigated

Deficiency of minor commitments in comparison with excess of the more serious, in the policed counties, a measure of the repressive effect of the New Police Moral influences of improved police, which ought always to be considered in its administration

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Uselessness of any Criminal Returns as an indication of their relative criminality, except through a special regard to those classes of facts which are least liable to be influenced by migration

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These may be checked against the Returns of Improvident Marriages Universal deficiency of these, with excess of instruction, except in parts of Yorkshire, in two successive years, proving the sufficiency of the data in each Districts in which the augmentation of improvident marriages most shows itself in "good times" are the manufacturing and trading, while the agricultural are stationary Coincidence between the excess of this form of improvidence, of ignorance, and of crime, except in the Celtic, where improvident marriages are as much under the average as criminal commitments.

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324

325

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Correction required for bastardy, and obtainable for successive years. Increase in bastardy with improving trade, contemporaneously with improvident marriages

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Peculiar deficiency of bastardy in some of the coal and iron districts. Great extent to which bastardy and improvident marriages are obviously alternative forms of improvidence

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Balance universally presented by their joint consideration in favour of the more instructed districts, except some in the North of England

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In comparing the pauperism of different localities regard must be had to the fact of the rural districts nurturing much of the population of the towns General coincidence of excess of pauperism with excess of ignorance, improvident marriages, bastardy, and crime"

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Exception of the Celtic districts, though these show the same coincidences in comparison with each other

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The manufacturing the least, and the Southern and Eastern agricultural counties the most burthened districts

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Districts of lower agricultural industry less pauperised and criminal, though more poor than those of higher industry but equal ignorance Apparent influence of instruction and proportion of persons of independent means in producing excess of Deposits in Savings' Banks chiefly where the proportion of domestic servants is greatest

Want of deposits in Savings' Banks no evidence to want of parsimony or selfcontrol among the Celtic populations, which, on the contrary, afford strong proofs of both

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Their want rather of more co-operative genius, embodied in habits of mutual
reliance and methodical exertion
CONCLUSIONS.

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PLATES, containing shaded Maps of England and Wales, with accompanying key lists of the counties, arranged in alphabetical order, and in the order of their per centages above and below the average of all England and Wales in each moral characteristic, between pages 340 and 341;—

I.-Dispersion of the Population: 1841.

II.-Real property in 1842 in proportion to the population: 1841.

III.-Persons of independent means in proportion to the population: 1841.

IV.-Ignorance, as indicated by the men's signatures by marks in the Marriage Registers in England and Wales: 1844.

V.-Crimes in England and Wales, as indicated by the gross criminal commitments of males to Assizes and Quarter Sessions: 1842-47.

VI.-Commitments in England and Wales for the more serious offences against the person, and malicious offences against property: 1812-47.

VII.-Commitments in England and Wales for offences against property, excepting only the "Malicious:" 1845-47.

VIII-Commitments in England and Wales for assaults and miscellaneous offences of all kinds: 1842-47.

IX.-Improvident marriages in England and Wales (those of males under 21 being so designated): 1844 and 1845.

X.-Bastardy in England and Wales, as indicated by the Registry of Births: 1842 and 1845.

XI.-Pauperism in England and Wales, as indicated by the proportion to the

whole population of the persons relieved in the quarter ended Lady-Day: 1844. XII.-Deposits in the Savings Banks, in proportion to the population in England and Wales: 1844.

VOL. II.

254

BROAD SHEET.-Comparative Abstract of all the Tables adduced in the present and former Reports, showing the Excess or Deficiency per cent. of each Moral Element brought to account in each county and district of England and Wales, as compared with the whole kingdom, to precede page 341.

APPENDIX I.-Summary and Comparison of the Relative Excess or Deficiency
of each Social Element subject to investigation in each of four great groups
of Counties, formed by taking the most and least instructed respectively of the
most and least instructed districts respectively, in whole numbers and in per
centages above and below the average of all England and Wales
APPENDIX II.-Summary of the Distribution of each Element of Investigation
among these four groups of counties

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APPENDIX III.—Summary Abstract in three principal groups of the average number of male persons committed for trial at assizes and quarter-sessions for offences of whatever kind, in each district and county of England and Wales, during the years 1842-3-4, as compared with the same during the three following years, 1845-6-7, and with the numbers which might be expected among the like population of the same ages on the average of all England and Wales APPENDIX IV.-Supplementary Table, comparing the relative proportions of ignorance and of persons of independent means in each district and county, with the results of the Registry of Illegitimate Births and Improvident Marriages in 1845, and those obtained by eliminating the general body of criminal commitments from the more numerous classes of minor offences; and showing the relative progress of population and criminal commitments in each from 1810-11-12 to 1840-41-42

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380-3

APPENDIX V.-List of Schools inspected in the year and a-half, 1848-9, with their attendance, &c.

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APPENDIX VI.-Notes on Schools visited in the year and a-half, 1848-9
APPENDIX VII.-Occupations of the Children in each class of Schools
APPENDIX VIII.-Income and Expenditure of Wesleyan Schools aided under
their Lordships' Minutes of 1846

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388-452

453-9

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APPENDIX IX.-Table of the Schools under Mr. Fletcher's inspection in the
Southern and Western half of the Kingdom

462

!

General Report, for 1848-9, by Her Majesty's Inspector of Schools,
JOSEPH FLETCHER, Esq., on British and Denominational
Schools.*

MY LORDS,

24th November, 1849.

In accordance with your Lordships' recent instructions, I have now to render an account of the discharge of my duties during the past year and a-half; and the following table supplies the most succinct statement that I am able to render of the occupation of my time since the close of May, 1848, to Occupation which period my last Report was brought :

of time during the last year and

TABLE, showing the Occupation of Time for a Year and a Half, of 78 Weeks, a-half. or 468 Days, exclusive of Sundays, from the Week ended 27th May, 1848, exclusive, to the Week ended 24th November, 1849, inclusive.

OCCUPATIONS.

Travelling and Inspection, generally with examination of pupil-teachers, and frequently also to report upon the claims to augmentation of teachers' salaries under certificates.

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Miles. Days.

Diary reports, correspondence, interviews with promoters of 9,871 211
schools, devising circuits, notices of inspection, &c., occupy-
ing about a day in each week, usually Saturday.

Total Inspection.

Three examinations of male teachers in the autumn of 1848, two in the spring of 1849, and two of female teachers in the autumn of 1849.

Preparing and reviewing papers for these examinations

78

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Total examinations.

102

Writing part of a former, and the whole of the present
General Report .

Conference of Inspectors

Off public duty

Public holidays; Christmas-Day and Good-Friday

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The "miscellaneous" section of this table needs no further comment; but a comparison of the other two shows, that upwards of one-fourth of the whole available time for the inspection of schools, and the examination of teachers for certificates

* Being those in which the authorized version of the Scriptures is daily used, whether without Catechisms, on the principles of the British and Foreign School Society, or with them, on the principles of the several Protestant denominations which admit to their schools children exempted, on the requisition of their parents, from learning such Catechisms.

Wesleyan
Schools on

the Glasgow

class.

of merit, was occupied by the latter duty only; with the necessary effect of restricting the labours of inspection almost wholly to the schools which receive your Lordships' annual grants for pupil teachers, or in augmentation of the salaries of the head teachers. The following pages will show that there is no ground for supposing, however, that this temporary limitation of the field of duty has in any degree impaired the power of the existing provisions for elevating the popular education of the country, but quite the contrary; and even the meetings of teachers for examination will, I trust, have had an improving effect upon those who have attended them, beyond the mere attainment of their express object, and the demonstration which has been afforded of their true character, as scenes of pleasurable and honourable, if also of arduous exertion, in which even failure is the best lesson towards success, while success only is published. It is needless, however, to dwell upon this subject, beyond expressing the sincere respect which I entertain for the teachers generally, who have heretofore presented themselves for examination; and my conviction that they will take certificates of such merit as can be ascertained by examinations like ours, without being led to look with the less solicitude to the growth in their own hearts of that practical piety which must ever be the basis of the life and labours of a successful teacher.

In the 289 days devoted to inspection, and the discharge of the various duties of correspondence, &c., I travelled 9,871 miles, inspected 275 schools, and passed 382 pupil-teachers, besides candidates; being 34 miles per day, and, for the 211 days, exclusive of the Saturdays, generally one school, and, for one-fourth of the time, two schools per day; or 142 children and nearly 2 pupil-teachers; besides reporting on the augmentation of salaries to 28 schoolmasters. This statement will be vouched by Appendix V., at the end of which will be found the total number of each class of schools, and of the children contained in them.

At the date of my last Report, I had inspected only seven Wesleyan schools, of which, one at Lambeth (p. 437), is a pian, a new British school in organization, as are several others of oldest establishment by Wesleyan societies, as at Radnor-street, Cityroad (p. 402), Great Queen-street (p. 409), and Limehouse (p. 409.) The perfect arrangement which had then recently been made on the part of your Lordships with the Committe appointed by the Wesleyan Conference, and which includes a model deed and a complete system of government for the schools of that connexion, has since had the effect of so augmenting the number of them applying for annual aid under the Minutes of 1846, that they now form one-third of the whole number receiving it that come under my inspection. It becomes incumbent upon me, therefore, to give a brief special notice of these schools; since, with the few exceptions already noticed,

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