sint, decedant; naves longas præter viginti omnes tradant, tritici quingenta, hordei trecenta milia modium. Pecuniæ summam quantam imperaverit, parum convenit: alibi quinque milia talentum, alibi quinque milia pondo argenti, alibi duplex stipendium militibus imperatum invenio. "His condicionibus" inquit "placeatne pax, triduum ad consultandum dabitur. Si placuerit, mecum indutias facite, Romam ad senatum mittite legatos."

Write out this passage, turning the oratio obliqua into oratio directa and the oratio directa into oratio obliqua.

II. Translate, with notes on the words in italics :

·

(1) Postquam Bruto et Cassio cæsis nulla jam publica arma, Pompeius apud Siciliam oppressus, exutoque Lepido, interfecto Antonio ne Julianis quidem partibus nisi Cæsar dux reliquus, posito Triumviri nomine consulem se ferens et ad tuendam plebem tribunicio jure contentum, ubi militem donis, populum annona, cunctos dulcedine otii pellexit, insurgere paulatim, munia senatus, magistratuum, legum, in se trahere, nullo adversante, cum ferocissimi per acies aut proscriptione cecidissent, ceteri nobilium, quanto quis servitio promptior, opibus et honoribus extollerentur, ut novis ex rebus aucti tuta et præsentia quam vetera et periculosa mallent.

(2) Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet atque
Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum,
Quæ priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cethegis
Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas;
Adsciscet nova, quæ genitor produxerit usus.
Vebemens et liquidus puroque simillimus amni
Fundet opes Latiumque beabit divite lingua ;
Luxuriantia compescet, nimis aspera sano
Levabit cultu, virtute carentia tollet,

Ludentis speciem dabit et torquebitur, ut qui

Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur.

(3) De Publilio autem, quod perscribi oportet, moram non puto esse faciendam. Sed quum videas, quantum de iure nostro decesserimus, qui de residuis cccc H-S cc præsentia solverimus, reliqua rescribamus: loqui cum eo, si tibi videbitur, poteris, eum commodum nostrum exspectare debere, quum tanta sit a nobis iactura facta iuris. Sed amabo te, mi Attice, (videsne, quam blande ?) omnia nostra,

quoad eris Romæ, ita gerito, regito, gubernato, ut nihil a me exspectes. Quamquam enim reliqua satis apta sunt ad solvendum; tamen fit sæpe, ut ii, qui debent, non respondeant ad tempus. Si quid eiusmodi acciderit, ne quid tibi sit fama mea potius. Non modo versura, verum etiam venditione, si ita res coget, nos vindicabis.

SATURDAY, 19TH FEB., 2 TO 5 P. M.

RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION.

K. M. CHATFIELD, B.A.

I. Translate into verse :

The way was long, the wind was cold,
The minstrel was infirm and old ;
His wither'd cheek, and tresses gray,
Seem'd to have known a better day;
The harp, his sole remaining joy,
Was carried by an orphan boy.
The last of all the Bards was he,
Who sung of Border chivalry;
For, welladay! their date was filed,
His tuneful brethren all were dead;
And he, neglected and oppressed,
Wished to be with them, and at rest.

II. Translate :

(1) Nil erit ulterius, quod nostris moribus addat

Posteritas eadem cupient facientque minores.
Omne in præcipiti vitium stetit. Utere velis ;
Totos pande sinus. Dicas hic forsitan "Unde
Ingenium par materiæ ? unde illa priorum
Scribendi, quodcumque animo flagrante liberet,
Simplicitas, cujus non audeo dicere nomen ?
Quid refert dictis ignoscat Mucius, an non ?
Pone Tigellinum: tæda lucebis in illa,
Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fumant,
Et latum media sulcum diducis arena."

(2) Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.

Hic alta Sicyone ast hic Amydone relicta,

Hic Andro, ille Samo, hic Trallibus aut Alabandis,
Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem,
Viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri.
Ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo

Promptus et Isæo torrentior. Ede, quid illum
Esse putes? quem vis hominem, secum adtulit ad nos :
Grammaticus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes,
Augur, schoenobates, medicus, magus; omnia novit.
Græculus esuriens in cœlum, jusseris, ibit.

MONDAY, 14TH FEB., 10 A.M. TO 1 P.M.

MILL'S LOGIC.-I.

D. DUNCAN, M.A.

I. Criticize in detail Sir W. Hamilton's definition of Logic, and bring out the full import of the definition given by Mr. Mill.

II. Give an outline of the cosmological system which Mr. Mill lays down as the basis of his Logic. Is this the metaphysical theory which he himself most approves of?

III. What is your opinion as to the nature and authority of the so-called Fundamental Laws of Thought?

IV. Arrange the Predicables according as they are connected with Real or Verbal predication. Discriminate carefully between Species, Property, and Inseparable Accident.

V. What changes does the Quantification of the Predicate make in the ordinary logical doctrines of the Opposition, Obversion, and Conversion of Propositions, as well as in the Reduction of Syllogistio Moods to the First Figure. Give a critical summary of the principal arguments for and against the Quantification of the Predicate, with a view to show whether you regard it as an important contribution to logical doctrine.

VI. On what ground has the dictum de omni been rejected by modern logicians as the foundation of the Syllogism? Do you think that Mr. Mill succeeds in justifying his rejection of it ?

VII. Is Induction a kind of inference (a) antagonistic to Deduction, or (b) included in it, or (c) complementary of it? Give a brief sketch of the history of opinion on this point from Aristotle's time to the present day.

Examine the following forms of what has been called the Inductive Syllogism:-

(1) Men, horses, mules, &c., are long-lived; men, horses, mules, &c., are bile-less; therefore all bile-less animals are long-lived.

(2) The sheep that I have observed, together with those that I have not observed, ruminate; but these are all sheep; therefore, all sheep ruminate.

VIII. Trace the growth of the several meanings of the word "Law," pointing out its precise import in the Physical Sciences. What misconception has specially to be guarded against in this last employment of it?

IX. Examine the doctrine that Will is the sole cause of phenomena; and compare it, on the one hand, with Mr. Mill's theory of Causation, and on the other, with the doctrine of the Conservation of Energy.

X. Examine critically the following statement :

It would seem that there is no class of phenomena in which the composition of causes does not obtain: that as a general rule, causes in combination produce exactly the same effects as when acting singly : but that this rule, though general, is not universal: that in some instances, at some particular points in the transition from separate to united action, the laws change, and an entirely new set of effects are either added to, or take the place of, those which arise from the separate agency of the same causes: the laws of these new effects being again susceptible of composition, to an indefinite extent, like the laws which they superseded.

MONDAY, 14TH FEB., 2 TO 5 P.M.

MILL'S LOGIC.-II.

D. DUNCAN, M.A.

I. (a) Show that the process by which we discover the sequences of Nature is analytical. Why must the physical analysis be preceded by a mental? On what depends the extent to which the mental analysis can be carried?

(b) Are Observation and Experiment fundamentally distinct operations? Does Experiment proceed from a given

cause to its effect, or from a given effect to its cause, or either way?

II. Can all the sequences in Nature be resolved into one Law?

III. What functions do Hypotheses perform in Scientific investigation? How would you account for the disrepute into which they fell after Bacon's time, and for their more recent restoration to favour ?

Is Prevision the test of true Theory?

IV. Point out, giving reasons, which of the following are cases of Induction, and which of Analogy :

(a) The theory that the Nerve-force is Electricity.

(b) The theory that animal heat is due to chemical changes going on in the body.

(c) The undulatory theory of light.

(d) The patriarchal theory of Government.

V. In what sense is the Uniformity of Nature the ground of all Induction? Mr. Mill warns against a wide extension of Empirical Laws to adjacent cases, because they rest only on Induction by Simple Enumeration; and yet he extends the Law of Causation universally, though resting on no other evidence. Is his explanation of this satisfactory? On what other grounds has the Law of Causation been made to rest?

VI. State and exemplify what is meant by Uniformities of Coexistence. Do Natural Kinds furnish them? By what method are they established, and by what kind of evidence are they proved?

VII. Compare the following statements with a view to bringing out the logical grounds of Credibility and Incredibility :

:

(a) Nothing is credible which is contradictory to experience,
(b) Nothing supported by credible testimony ought ever to be
disbelieved.

VIII. Mention some of the chief difficulties the scientific man has to deal with in seeking to give a precise definition to names, and show how they may be overcome. Bring out all that is implied in having a name for every important meaning.