Revenue. The revenue amounts to about £30,000,000 sterling.

Trade. The French navigation is not extensive. The chief exports consist of silks, woollens, linens, wine, and brandy. There is very little paper money in this country; almost all the business being transacted by gold and sil

ver.

Manufactures. In manufactures the French have been long noted for their silks, and wollen and linen goods. Climate. The climate is very fine; it is warmer, drier, and less changeable than that of England.

Face of the country. France is mountainous towards the south and east, very level in the north; agreeably diversified in the central part.

Mountains. The Pyrenees lie on the south and the Alps in the southeast. Other ridges are Jura, Cevennes, Puy de Dome, Cantal, and Vosges.

Soil. The country is well watered, the soil generally fertile, and highly cultivated.

Productions. The productions in the northern part consist of wheat, barley, oats, pulse, and potatoes; in the southern half, vines, mulberries, olives, and corn, particularly, maize.

Rivers. The 5 largest rivers are the Loire, Rhone, Garonne, Seine, and Rhine,

Canal. The famous canal of Languedoc extends from the Mediterranean to the Garonne near Toulouse, 140 miles. It forms a communication between the Mediteranean and the bay of Biscay.

Islands. The islands are Ushant, Belleisle, Noirmontier, Isle of Rhe, and Isle of Oleron. Corsica, an Italian island, belongs to France.

History. The French derive their name from the Franks, who invaded the country in the 3d century.

Since 1792, France has been the theatre of wonderful revolutions. The national convention abolished the regal government, and condemned and executed Louis XVI, the king, in 1793. The French then became a nation of soldiers. In 1804 Bonaparte was crowned emperor, and by a series of conquests the limits of France were greatly enlarged.

In 1815 the reign of Bonaparte was overthrown by the battle of Waterloo, and he was sent a prisoner to St. He jena. Louis XVIII was placed on the throne, and France was reduced to nearly the same limits as before the revo lution.

SPAIN.

Divisions. Spain is divided into 14 parts, most of them styled kingdoms, and subdivided in 30 provinces.

Madrid, the capital of Spain, is situated on the small river Manzanares. The streets are straight and clean, the houses of brick and lofty, and the royal palace is one of the most magnificent in Europe. The surrounding coun try is barren and exhibits few marks of improvement

Cadiz, situated on a sandy peninsula, called the island of Leon, is the first commercial city in Spain, and the centre of the trade of the West Indies and America.

Barcelona and Malaga rank next to Cadiz in commerce. Barcelona is very favourably situated on the Mediterranean in the northeast part of Spain, and exports wine, brandy, and manufactures. Malaga, situated in the southern part of the country, is celebrated for its wines and fruits.

The other most considerable ports are Alicant, Carthagena, Bilboa, and Ferrol.

Seville, on the Guadalquivir, was anciently the resi

dence of the Gothic kings, and was formerly a place of great wealth, commerce, and manufactures, and is said to have contained 600,000 inhabitants.

Saragossa, on the Ebro, is a large and handsome city, and is memorable for the seige which it sustained from the French in 1808—9.

Granada, has been long celebrated as the paradise of Spain. It was built by the Moors, and is said to have contained, in the 15th century, 400,000 inhabitants. exhibits many marks of former magnificence.

It

Toledo, the first archbishopric of Spain, was once the capital, and contained 200,000 inhabitants.

Tarragona, Cordova, and Valladolid, were once cities of great note.

Edifices. The royal palaces in Spain are those of Madrid, Escurial, Aranjuez, St. Ildefonso, and Pardo. Other remarkable edifices are cathedrals and churches.

Religion. The Spaniards are bigoted Catholics. Education. Education is in a backward state. There are 11 universities. That of Salamanca is the most famous, Language. The Spanish language is derived from the Latin.

Climate. The climate is remarkably pleasant, and the air is much refreshed by sea breezes. In the southern provinces the heat is great, and the climate, at some seasons, unhealthy.

Face of the country. Spain is a mountainous country, but is finely variegated with rivers, streams, and plains. Mountains. The Pyrenees separate Spain from France. Some of the other mountains are Sierra Morena, Sierra Nevada, and Montserrat.

Montserrat, 20 miles NW. of Barcelona, is nearly 4,000 feet high. It is remarkable for its hermitages and monastery, and for an image of the Virgin Mary, much visited by pilgrims,

Soil. The soil, where well watered, is generally fertile. In the central parts much of it is dry and unproductivé. The country is thinly peopled and badly cultivated.

Productions. The productions are wine, sugar cane, maize, wheat, barley, millet, rice, hemp, silk, oil, and fruits. The wool of Spain, from the Merino sheep, is the finest in Europe.

Minerals. There are mines of iron, copper, lead, &c. Rivers. The Tagus is the largest river. Other rivers are the Minho, Duero, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Xucar, and Ebro.

Islands. The islands are Majorca, Ivica, and Minorca. Gibraltar is a celebrated promontory, more than 1,400 feet high, at the southern extremity of Spain, belonging to Great Britain. It has a remarkable fortress, so defended by nature and art, as to be rendered the strongest in Europe, perhaps in the world.

History. Spain was subdued by the Romans under Augustus, and early in the 8th century invaded by the Moors, who possessed themselves of a large part of the country; but were completely expelled early in the 17th century.

In the 16th century Spain was esteemed the most formidable power in Europe, but has since been comparatively weak. She has been remarkable for the despotic character of her government, and her extensive and rich pos? sessions in America.

Lisbon, the capital, is finely situated on the north side of the mouth of the Tagus. It has a capacious and excellent harbour, and is one of the most commercial cities in Europe. The houses are lofty, and well built of white stone. Population 230.000. In 1755 it was almost destroyed by an earthquake; accounted the greatest earthquake in modern times.

Oporto, situated near the mouth of the Duero, is next to Lisbon in population and commerce, and is famous for its strong wines, called Port. Population 70,000.

Religion. The Portuguese are among the most superstitious and intolérant Catholics in Europe.

Education. Education is in a very backward state. The university of Coimbra is the only one in the kingdom. Language. The Portuguese language strongly resembles the Spanish, and is derived chiefly from the Latin. Climate. The climate is pleasant and healthy.

Face of the country. The face of the country is, for the most part, agreeably diversified; some parts are mountainous, others level.

Soil. The soil is light, yet fertile, but badly cultivated. Productions. Portugal abounds in wines, honey, olives, oranges, figs, and other fruits; but there is a deficiency of grain.

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Tagus, Minho, Mondego, and Duero.

ITALY.

Italy is a long peninsula in the south of Europe, in the form of a boot.

Divisions. In the northeast, Austrian Italy, or the Lombardo Venetian kingdom:

In the northwest, the Sardinian territories, Savoy, Piedmont, and Genoa:

In the middle, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Lucca, the dominions of the Pope, and St. Marino:

In the south, Naples, or the kingdom of the Two Sici lies, comprising Naples and the island of Sicily. The 2 other principal Italian islands are Sardinia and Corsica. Some of the smaller ones are Malta, the Lipari islands, and Elba. Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, and celebrated for its fertility. Corsica belongs to France; Malta to Great Britain.

Face of the country. The face of the country is finely diversified, but for the most part mountainous. Savoy is one of the most mountainous tracts in Europe. Austrian Italy consists chiefly of a fertile and beautiful plain.