a Catholic bishop resides at Quebec. There are considerable numbers of other denominations, as Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, &c., in the several provinces.

NEW BRITAIN.

New Britain is a vast country, lying north and northwest of Upper and Lower Canada, and comprehends Labrador, New-North Wales, and New-South Wales,

Face of the country and soil. Almost the whole of this vast country, as far as it has been explored, is extremely barren and dreary; the surface in some parts flat and marshy, in others rocky, uneven, and mountainous, and the climate very severe.

Bays and lakes. The bays are Baffin's, Hudson's, and James' bays. Lakes are numerous; the principal are Slave lake, Athapescow lake, Lake of the Hills, and lake Winnipeg.

Rivers The principal rivers are Mackenzie's river, the Churchill, Severn, Nelson, Albany, Moose, Seal, Rupert, &c.

Trade. The trade of this country is carried on by the Hudson's bay company, and the North-west company, who have several forts, viz. Forts Prince of Wales, Chippeyan Churchill, Albany, Nelson's, Severn, &c. Fur is the chief article of trade.

Inhabitants. The Esquimaux Indians occupy the coasts of Labrador. The interior is inhabited by various tribes of a diminutive and miserable race.

Missions. The Moravian missionaries have three sets tlemens in Labrador, viz. Nain, Okkak, and Hopedale.

UPPER CANADA.

Divisions. Upper Canada is divided into 8 districts, which are subdivided into 23 counties, comprising 159 townships.

Chief towns. York is the seat of government. It is pleasantly situated on the northwest part of Lake Ontario, and has an excellent harbour. Population 1,500.

Kingston is pleasantly situated at the egress of the St.

Lawrence out of Lake Ontario, and is the largest town in the province. It has an excellent harbour, and is the rendezvous of the shipping on the lake. Population 2,000. The other most considerable towns are Queenstown, Newark, and Chippeway.

Rivers. The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, Outawas, Niagara, Trent, Ouse, Redstone, and Thames. Lakes. One half of the lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Superior, Rainy Lake, and Lake of the Woods, is included in Upper Canada. Lakes Nipissing, Simcoe, St. Joseph's, and others are included within the province.

Face of the country. The country bordering on the St. Lawrence and the lakes is generally level; further in the interior it is more uneven.

Climate. The climate is healthy, and considerably more temperate than in lower Canada.

Soil. The soil throughout the whole country, as far it has been surveyed, is for the most part very fertile, and well adapted to cultivation. A large part of it is covered with heavy timber.

Productions. The principal productions are grass, wheat, Indian corn, flax, hops, &c.

LOWER CANADA.

Divisions. Lower Canada is divided into 4 districts, which are subdivided into 21 counties.

ions are 1st. seigniories, 2d. townships.

Chief towns.

Montreal

Quebec

Pop. Chief towns.

19,000

15,000

The minor divis

Three Rivers

Sorelle

Pop.

2,500

1,500

Quebec, the capital not only of Lower Canada, but of all British America, is situated on a lofty point at the confluence of St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, about 400 miles from the sea. It is divided into two parts, the Upper and Lower Town. The Upper Town is built on a high, steep rock, and is a place of immense strength. The streets are irregular, and the houses are mostly of stone, small and inconvenient, though some of the public buildings are spacious. The environs of the city present a most beautiful and sublime scenery.

Montreal is situated on an island in the St. Lawrence, 180 miles above Quebec, and 200 below Lake Ontario, at the head of ship navigation, and has an extensive commerce, and is the great depot of the fur trade. The streets are mostly regular, but narrow, and the houses are built of greyish stone.

Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, the third town in Lower Canada, is situated on the St. Lawrence, 84 miles SW. of Quebec. The other most considerable towns are Sorelle, Chambly, St. John's, La Chine, and New Carlisle.-Houses in Canada, except in the towns, of more than one story, are rarely seen.

Inhabitants. The population of Lower Canada, in 1814 was 335,000; about 275,000 native or French Canadians, the remainder English, Scotch, Irish, and Americans.

Education. There are respectable seminaries at Quebec and Montreal, but education is generally much neglected.

Commerce. The exports consist of furs, lumber, pot and pearl ashes, grain, fish, &c.

Climate. The extremes of heat and cold are very great The thermometer sometimes rises in summer to 100, and sinks in winter to 40 below 0.

Face of the country and soil. Lower Canada is intersected by ridges of mountains, which generally run from the coast into the interior in parallel chains, with intervening valleys of a fertile and pleasant appearance. The spacious valley, through which the St. Lawrence flows, is mostly level, of a very fertile soil, and thickly inhabited.

Productions. The productions consist of grass, wheat, barley, rye, and culinary vegetables.

Rivers. The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, Outawas, Sorelle, St. Francis, Chaudiere, Saguenay, and Black.

Curiosities. On a number of the rivers there are beautiful cascades, the most remarkable are the falls of the Montmorency, 7 miles below Quebec. The river just at its entrance into the St. Lawrence, falls over a precipice of 246 feet perpendicular, presenting a scene of singular beauty and grandeur.

NOVIA SCOTIA.

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History. Canada was first settled by the French in 1608; but was taken by Great Britain in 1759.

Island. The island of Cape Breton is attached to this province. It is about 110 miles long, of a diversified surface, and is valuable chiefly on account of its peltry and fisheries. The chief towns are Arichat, Sydney, and Louisburg.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Chief towns. Frederickstown, which is situated near the head of sloop navigation on the St. John's, 80 miles above its mouth, is the seat of government.

The city of St. John's, situated near the mouth of the river St. John's, is a very flourishing town, the largest in the province, and has an excellent harbour, and an extensive commerce. The population, in 1821, was stated as high as 8,000.

St. Andrews, situated on an arm of Passamaquoddy bay, is the other most considerable town.

Rivers. The St. John's, which is about 350 miles long, is much the largest river.

Bays. The principal bays are Passamaquoddy, Bay of Fundy, Chignecto, and Chaleur.

Soil. The soil in the interior is generally excellent. The St. John's opens a vast extent of fine country, on which are rich meadow lands. The upland is in general well timbered.

Productions. The principal productions are grass and grain, but great advances have not yet been made in agriculture. The sea coast abounds with cod and scale fish; and immense shoals of herring, shad, and salmon annually enter the river. The principal exports are lumber and fish.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Situation. Nova Scotia is a peninsula, about 250 miles long, separated from New Brunswick, in part, by the Bay of Fundy.

Divisions. It is divided into 9 counties, which are subdivided into 37 townships.

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NEWFOUNDLAND.

Chief towns. Halifax is the capital, and a place of considerable commerce. It is situated on the west side of Chebucto bay, and has an excellent harbour and a large navy yard, and is the principal naval station belonging to Great Britain in the nothern part of America. The population is stated at about 15,000.

Liverpool, 45 miles SW. Halifax, is a seaport town, which contains 200 houses, and has considerable trade. Among the other towns are Annapolis, Lunenburgh, Barrington, Pictou, and Argyle,

Education.

King's College, at Windsor, 45 miles NW. Halifax, has respectable endowments.

Commerce. The trade of Nova Scotia has latterly been very considerable. The exports consist chiefly of lumber, fish, and plaster of Paris.

Face of the country. The face of the conntry is somewhat uneven, but there are no high mountains. The north east shores are barren, and present a dreary aspect.

Soil. The soil on the sea coast is generally poor: in the interior it is better, and in some parts very good, and produces large crops of grain.

Bays. On the coast of Nova Scotia are numerous bays and harbours. The largest is the Bay of Fundy, which is remarkable for its tides which rise to 30, and sometimes, in the narrowest parts, to 60 feet. The rise is so rapid, that cattle feeding upon the shore, are often overtaken and drowned.

History. Nova Scotia was first settled by the French and called by them Acadia. It was granted by James I. to William Alexander, but was not confirmed to England till 1713.

Island. St. John's or Prince Edward's lies in the gulf of St. Lawrence, is 110 miles long, and has a good soil. The chief town is Charlotte's Town.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

Extent. Newfoundland is situated east of the gulf of St. Lawrence, and is 380 miles long, and from 40 to 280 broad.

Chief towns. The towns are all iu the southeast part, near the fisheries.