them the fuffrages and attention of men, have the Calar. Ter impolitic meafure they defeated their own purpose, involving the city in confternation and terror, which produced general anarchy, and paved the way to the revolution they wanted to prevent; the monarchial government being abfolutely founded on the murder of Julius Cæfar. He fell in the 56th year of his age, 43 years before the Chriftian æra. His commentaries contain a hiftory of his principal voyages, battles, and victories. The London edition in 1712, in folio, is pre ferred. The detail of Cæfar's tranfactions (fo far as is confiftent with the limits of this work) being given under the article ROME, we fhall here only add a portrait of From the him as drawn by a philofopher*. Melonges Philofo phiques of M. Ophel lot. "If, after the lapfe of 18 centuries, the truth may be published without offence, a philofopher might, in the following terms, cenfure Cæfar without calumniating him, and applaud him without exciting his blushes. "Cæfar had one predominant paffion: it was the love of glory; and he paffed 40 years of his life in feeking opportunities to fofter and encourage it. His foul, entirely abforbed in ambition, did not open itfelf to other impulfes. He cultivated letters; but he did not love them with enthusiasm, because he had not leisure to become the first orator of Rome. He corrupted the one half of the Roman ladies, but his heart had no concern in the fiery ardours of his fenfes. In the arms of Cleopatra, he thought of Pompey; and this fingular man, who difdained to have a partner in the empire of the world, would have blushed to have been for one inftant the flave of a woman. "We must not imagine, that Cæfar was born a warrior, as Sophocles and Milton were born poets. For, if nature had made him a citizen of Sybaris, he would have been the most voluptuous of men. If in our days he had been born in Penfylvania, he would have been the most inoffenfive of quakers, and would not have difturbed the tranquillity of the new world. "The moderation with which he conducted himself after his victories, has been highly extolled; but in this he fhowed his penetration, not the goodness of his heart. Is it not obvious, that the difplay of certain virtues is neceffary to put in motion the political machine? It was requifite that he fhould have the appearance of clemency, if he inclined that Rome fhould forgive him his victories. But what greatnefs of mind is there in a generofity which follows on the ufurpation of fupreme power? "Nature, while it marked Cæfar with a fublime character, gave him alfo that fpirit of perfeverance which renders it useful. He had no fooner begun to reflect, than he admired Sylla; hated him, and yet wished to imitate him. At the age of 15, he formed the project of being dictator. It was thus that the prefident Montefquicu conceived, in his early youth, the idea of the fpirit of laws. "Phyfical qualities, as well as moral caufes, contributed to give ftrength to his character. Nature, which had made him for command, had given him an air of dignity. He had acquired that foft and infinuating eloquence, which is perfectly fuited to feduce vulgar minds, and has a powerful influence on the moft cultivated. His love of pleafure was a merit with the fair fex; and women, who even in a republic can draw to "In vain did the genius of Cato watch for fome time to sustain the liberty of his country. It was unequal to contend with that of Cæfar. Of what avail were the eloquence, the philofophy, and the virtue of this republican, when oppofed by a man who had the addrefs to debauch the wife of every citizen whose intereft he meant to engage; who, poffeffing an enthu fiafm for glory, wept, becaufe, at the age of 30, he had not conquered the world like Alexander; and who, with the haughty temper of a defpot, was more defirous to be the first man in a village than the second in Rome. "Cæfar had the good fortune to exist in times of trouble and civil commotions, when the minds of men are put into a ferment; when opportunities of great actions are frequent; when talents are every thing, and those who can only boaft of their virtues are nothing. If he had lived an hundred years fooner, he would have been no more than an obfcure villain; and, instead of giving laws to the world, would not have been able to produce any confufion in it. "I will here be bold enough to advance an idea, which may appear paradoxical to those who weakly judge of men from what they atchieve, and not from the principle which leads them to act. Nature formed in the fame mould Cæfar, Mahomet, Cromwell, and Kouli Khan. They all of them united to genius that profound policy which renders it fo powerful. They all of them had an evident fuperiority over those with whom they were furrounded; they were confcious of this fuperiority, and they made others confcious of it. They were all of them born fubjects, and became fortunate ufurpers. Had Cæfar been placed in Perfia, he would have made the conqueft of India; in Arabia, he would have been the founder of a new religion; in London, he would have itabbed his fovereign, or have procured his affaffination under the fanction of the laws. He reigned with glory over men whom he had reduced to be flaves; and, under one afpect, he is to be confidered as a hero; under another, as a monfter. But it would be unfortunate, indeed, for fociety, if the poffeffion of fuperior talents gave individuals a right to trouble its repofe. Ufurpers accordingly have flatterers, but no friends; ftrangers refpect them; their fubjects complain and fubmit; it is in their own families that humanity finds her avengers. Cæfar was affaffinated by his fon, Mahomet was poifoned by his wife, Kouli Khan was maffacred by his nephew, and Cromwell only died in his bed because his fon Richard was a philofopher. "Cæfar, the tyrant of his country; Cæfar, who deftroyed the agents of his crimes, if they failed in addrefs; Cæfar, in fine, the husband of every wife, and the wife of every husband; has been accounted a great man by the mob of writers. But it is only the philofopher who knows how to mark the barrier between celebrity and greatnefs. The talents of this fingular man, and the good fortune which conftantly attended him till the moment of his affaffination, have concealed the enormity of his actions." CAESAR, in Roman antiquity, a title borne by all the the emperors, from Julius Cæfar to the deftruction of the empire. It was alfo ufed as a title of diftinction for the intended or préfumptive heir of the empire, as king of the Romans is now used for that of the German empire. This title took its rife from the furname of the first emperor, C. Julius Cæfar, which, by a decree of the fenate, all the fucceeding emperors were to bear. Under his fucceffor, the appellation of Auguftus being appropriated to the emperors, in compliment to that prince, the title Cefar was given to the fecond perfon in the empire, though ftill it continued to be given to the firft; and hence the difference betwixt Cæfar ufed fimply, and Cæfar with the addition of Imperator Auguftus. The dignity of Cæfar remained to the fecond of the empire, till Álexius Comnenus having elected Nicephorus Meliffenus Cæfar, by contract; and it being neceffary to confer fome higher dignity on his own brother Ifaacius, he created him Sebaftocrator, with the precedency over Meliffenus; ordering, that in all acclamations, &c. Ifaacius Sebaftocrator fhould be named the fecond, and Meliffenus Cæfar the third. CESAR (Sir Julius), a learned civilian, was defcended by the female line from the duke de Cefarini in Italy; and was born near Tottenham in Middlefex, in the year 1557. He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards ftudied in the university of Paris, where, in the year 1581, he was created doctor of the civil law, and two years after was admitted to the fame degree at Oxford, and alfo became doctor of the canon law. He was advanced to many honourable employments, and for the last 20 years of his life was mafter of the rolls. He was remarkable for his extenfive bounty and charity to all perfons of worth, fo that he seemed to be the almoner-general of the nation. He died 1639, in the 79th year of his age. It is very remarkable that the manufcripts of this lawyer were offered (by the executors of some of his defcendants) to a cheefemonger for wafte-paper; but being timely infpected by Mr Samuel Paterfon, this gentleman discovered their worth, and had the fatisfaction to find his judgment confirmed by the profeffion, to whom they were fold in lots for upwards of 500l. in the year 1757 CESAR Augufta or Cafarea Augufta, (anc geog.), a Roman colony fituated on the river Iberus in the hither Spain, before called Salduba, in the territories of the Edetani. Now commonly thought to be Saragofa. CÆSAREA, the name of feveral ancient cities, particularly one on the coaft of Phenice. It was very conveniently fituated for trade; but had a very dangerous harbour, fo that no ships could be fafe in it when the wind was at fouth-weft. Herod the Great king of Judea remedied this inconveniency at an immenfe expence and labour, making it one of the most convenient havens on that coaft. He alfo beautified it with many buildings, and beftowed 12 years in the finishing and adorning it. CÆSARIAN operation. See MIDWIFERY. CÆSARIANS, Cafarienfes, in Roman antiquity, were officers of minifters of the Roman emperors: They kept the account of the revenues of the emperors; and took poffeffion, in their name, of fuch things as devolved or were confifcated to them.. num CÆSARODUNUM (anc. geog.), a town of the Cæfarodu Turones in Celtic Gaul; now Tours, the capital of Touraine. See TOURS. CÆSAROMAGUS (anc. geog.), a town of the Trinobantes in Britain; by fome fuppofed to be Chelmsford, by others Brentford, and by others Burftet. CASENÁ (anc. geog.), a town of Gallia Cifpadana, fituated on the rivers Ifapis and Rubicon; now CESENA, which fee. CASIA SYLVA (anc. geog.), a wood in Germany, part of the great Sylva Hercynia, fituated partly in the duchy of Cleves, and partly in Weftphalia between Wefel and Kesfield. CÆSONES, a denomination given to thofe cut out of their mother's wombs. Pliny ranks this as an aufpicious kind of birth; the elder Scipio Africanus, and the firft family of Cæfars, were brought into the world in this way. CÆSTUS, in antiquity, a large gantlet made of raw hide, which the wrestlers made ufe of when they fought at the public games.-This was a kind of lea thern ftrap, ftrengthened with lead or plates of iron, which encompassed the hand, the wrift, and a part of the arm, as well to defend these parts as to enforce their blows. CESTUS, or Caflum, was alfo a kind of girdle, made of wool, which the hufband untied for his fpoufe the firft day of marriage, before they went to bed. This relates to Venus's girdle, which Juno borrowed. of her to entice Jupiter to love her. See CESTUS. CÆSURA, in the ancient poetry, is when, in the feanning of a verfe, a word is divided fo, as one part feems cut off, and goes to a different foot from the reft; as, Mentiri nolli, nunquam mendacia|profunt. where the fyllables ri, li, quam, and men, are cæfuras. CASURE, in the modern poetry, denotes a reft or paufe towards the middle of an Alexandrian verfe, by which the voice and pronunciation are aided, and the verfe, as it were, divided into two hemiftichs. See PAUSE. CÆTERIS PARIBUS, a Latin term in frequent use among mathematical and phyfical writers. The words literally fignify, the reft (or other things) being alike or equal. Thus we fay the heavier the bullet, cateris paribus, the greater the range; i. e. by how much the bullet is heavier, if the length and diameter of the piece and ftrength of the powder be the fame, by fo much will the utmost range or distance of a piece of ordnance be the greater. Thus alfo, in a phyfical way, we say, the velocity and quantity circulating in a given time through any fection of an artery, will, cateris paribus, be according to its diameter, and nearness to or distance from the heart. CATOBRIX (anc. geog.), a town of Lufitania, near the mouth of the Tagus on the eaft fide; now extinct. It had its name from its fifhery; and there are ftill extant fifh-ponds on the fhore, done with plaster of Paris, which illuftrate the name of the ruined city. CAFFA, in commerce, painted cotton-cloths manufactured in the Eaft Indies, and fold at Bengal. CAFFA, or Kaffa, a city and port-town of Crim. Tartary, fituated on the fouth-cail part of that penin fula. E. Long. 37. o. N. Lat. 44. 55. It' ፀ Caffa. Camila 1Cage. It is the most confiderable town in the country, and gives name to the ftraits of Caffa, which runs from the Euxine or Black Sea, to the Palus Meotis, or fea of Azoph. CAFFILA, a company of merchants or travellers, who join together in order to go with more fecurity through the dominions of the Grand Mogul, and through other countries on the continent of the Eaft Indies. The Caffila differs from a caravan, at leaft in Perfia: for the caflila belongs properly to fome fovereign, or to fome powerful company in Europe, whereas a caravan is a company of particular merchants, each trading upon his own account. The English and Dutch have each of them their caffila at Gambrow. There are alfo fuch caffilas, which crofs fome parts of the deferts of Africa, particularly that called the fea of fund, which lies between the kingdom of Morocco and thofe of Tombut and Gaigo. This is a journey of 400 leagues; and takes up two months in going, and as many in coming back; the caffila travelling only by night, on account of the exceffive heat of that country. The chief merchandize they bring back confifts in gold duft, which they call atibar, and the Europeans tibir. CAFFILA on the coaft of Guzerat or Cambaya, fignifies a fmall fleet of merchant-fhips. CAFFRARIA, the country of the Caffres or Hottentots, in the most foutherly parts of Africa lying in the form of a crescent about the inland country of Monomopata, between 35° fouth latitude and the tropic of Capricorn and bounded on the eaft, fouth, and weft, by the Indian and Atlantic oceans. See HOTTEN TOTS. Most of the fea-coafts of this country are fubject to the Dutch, who have built a fort near the most fouthern promontory, called the Cape of Good-Hope. CAG, or KEG, a barrel or veffel, that contains from four to five gallons. CAGANUS, or CACANUS, an appellation anciently given by the Huns to their kings. The word appears alfo to have been formerly applied to the princes of Mufcovy, now called czar. From the fame alfo, probably, the Tartar title cham or can, had its origin. CAGE, an inclofure made of wire, wicker, or the like, interwoven lattice-wife, for the confinement of birds or wild beafts. The word is French, cage, formed from the Italian gaggia, of the Latin cavea, which fignifics the fame: a caveis theatralibus in quibus include bantur fera. Beats were usually brought to Rome shut up in oaken or beechen cages, artfully formed, and covered or fhaded with boughs, that the creatures, deceived with the appearance of a wood, might fancy themselves in their foreft. The fiercer fort were pent in iron cages, left wooden prifons fhould be broke through. In fome prifons there are iron cages for the clofer confinement of criminals. The French laws diftinguifh two forts of bird-cages, viz. high or finging cages, and low or dumb-cages; those who expose birds to fale are obliged to put the hens in the latter, and the cocks in the former, that perfons may not be impofed on by buying a hen for a cock. CAGES (cavea), denote alfo places in the ancient amphitheatres, wherein wild beats were kept, ready to be let out for sport. The cavea were a fort of iron N° 61. Cage cages different from dens, which were under ground and dark; whereas the cavee being airy and light, the beafts rushed out of them with more alacrity and fierce- Cagliari. nefs than if they had been pent under ground. CAGE, in carpentry, fignifies an outer-work of timber, enclofing another within it. In this fenfe we say, the cage of a wind-mill. The cage of a flair-cafe denotes the wooden fides or walls which inclose it. CAGEAN, or CAGAYAN, a province of the island of Lytzen, or Manila, in the Eaft Indies. It is the largeft in the island, being 80 leagues in length, and 40 in breadth. The principal city is called New Segovia, and 15 leagues eastward from this city lies cape Bajador. Doubling that cape, and coafting along 20 leagues from north to fouth, the province of Cagean ends, and that of Illocos begins. The peaceable Cageans who pay tribute are about 9000; but there are a great many not fubdued. The whole province is fruitful: the men apply themfelves to agriculture, and are of a martial difpofition; and the women apply to feveral works in cotton. The mountains afford food for a vast number of bees; in confequence of which wax is fo plenty, that all the poor burn it instead of oil. They make their candles after the following manner: they leave a small hole at each end of a hollow flick for the wick to run through; and then, ftopping the bottom, fill it with wax at the top: when cold, they break the mould, and take out the candle. On the mountains there is abundance of brafil, ebony, and other valuable woods. In the woods are flore of wild beasts, as boars; but not fo good as thofe of Europe. There are alfo abundance of deer, which they kill for their skins and horns to fell to the Chinese. CAGLI, an ancient epifcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, fituated at the foot of the Apennine mountains. E. Long. 14. 12. N. Lat. 43. 30. CAGLIARI (Paolo), called Paulo Veronefe, an excellent painter, was born at Verona in the year 1532. Gabriel Cagliari his father was a sculptor, and Antonio Badile his uncle was his master in painting. He was not only esteemed the best of all the Lombard painters, but for his extenfive talents in the art was peculiarly ftyled Il pittor felice, "the happy painter;" and there is fcarcely a church in Venice where fome of his performances are not to be seen. De Piles fays, that "his picture of the marriage at Cana, in the church of St George, is to be diftinguished from his other works, as being not only the triumph of Paul Veronefe, but almoft the triumph of painting itself." When the fenate fent Grimani, procurator of St Mark, to be their ambassador at Rome, Paul attended him, but did not stay long, having left fome pieces at Venice unfinished. Philip II. king of Spain, fent for him to paint the Efcurial, and made him great offers; but Paul excufed himself from leaving his own country, where his reputation was fo well established, that most of the princes of Europe ordered their feveral ambassadors to procure fomething of his hand at any rate. He was indeed highly efteemed by all the principal men in his time; and so much admired by the great masters, as well his contemporaries as thofe who fucceeded him, that Titian himself used to fay, he was the ornament of his profeffion. And Guido Reni being afked which of the mafters his predeceffors he would choose to be, were it in his power, after Raphael and Corre gio, # Cagliari gio, named Paul Veronefe; whom he always called his Paolino. He died of a fever at Venice in 1588, and Cajetan. had a tomb and a ftatue of brafs erected to his memory in the church of St Sebaftian. He left great wealth to his two fons Gabriel and Charles, who lived happily together, and joined in finishing feveral of their father's imperfect pieces with good fuccefs. CAGLIARI, an ancient, large, and rich town, capital of the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean. It is feated on the declivity of an hill, is an univerfity, an archbishopric, and the refidence of the viceroy. It has an excellent harbour, and a good`trade; but is a place of no great ftrength. It was taken, with the whole ifland, by the English in 1708, who transferred it to the emperor Charles VI.; but it was retaken by the Spaniards in 1717, and about two years afterwards ceded to the duke of Savoy in lieu of Sicily, and hence he has the title of king of Sardinia. E. Long. 9. 14. N. Lat. 39. 12. CAGUI, in zoology, a fynonyme of two fpecies of monkeys, viz. the jacchus and adipus. See SIMIA. CAHORS, a confiderable town of France, in Querci in Guienne, with a bishop's fee and an univerfity. It is feated on a peninfula made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. The principal street is very narrow; and terminates in the market-place, in which is the town-house. The cathedral is a Gothic ftructure, and has a large fquare fteeple. The fortifications are regular, and the town is furrounded with thick walls. E. Long. 1. 6. N. Lat. 44. 26. CAHYS, a dry measure for corn, used in fome parts of Spain, particularly at Seville and at Cadiz. It is near a bufhel of our measure. CAJANABURG, the capital of the province of Cajania or Eaft Bothnia in Sweden, fituated on the north-eaft part of the lake Cajania, in E. Long. 27. o. N. Lat. 63. 50. CAIPHAS, high-prieft of the Jews after Simon, condemned Chrift to death; and was put out of his place by the emperor Vitellius, for which difgrace he made away with himself. CAJAZZO, a town of the province of Lavoro in the kingdom of Naples, fituated in E. Long. 15. o. N. Lat. 41. 15. CAICOS, the name of fome American iflands to the north of St Domingo, lying from W. Long. 112. 10. to 13. 16. N. Lat 21. 40. CAJEPUT, an oil brought from the East Indies refembling that of Cardamoms. CAIETA, (anc. geog.), a port and town of Latium, fo called from neas's nurfe; now Gaeta, which fee. CAJETAN (Cardinal), was born at Cajeta in the kingdom of Naples in the year 1469. His proper name was Thomas de Vio; but he adopted that of Cajetan from the place of his nativity. He defended the authority of the Pope, which fuffered greatly at the council of Nice, in a work entitled Of the power of the Pope; and for this work he obtained the bishopric of Cajeta. He was afterwards raised to the archiepifcopal fee of Palermo, and in 1517 was made a cardinal by Pope Leo X. The year after, he was fent as legate into Germany, to quiet the commotions raised againft indulgences by Martin Luther; but Luther, under protection of Frederic elector of Saxony, fet him at defiance; for though he obeyed the cardinal's fummons VOL. IV. PART I in repairing to Augsburg, yet he rendered all his pro- Caifong, ceedings ineffectual. Cajetan' was employed in feveral Caille. other negociations and tranfactions, being as ready at bufinefs as at letters. He died in 1534. He wrote Commentaries upon Ariftotle's philofophy, and upon Thomas Aquinas's theology; and made a literal tranflation of the Old and New Teftaments. CAIFONG, a large, populous, and rich town of Afia, in China, feated in the middle of a large and well cultivated plain. It ftands in a bottom; and when be fieged by the rebels in 1642, they ordered the dykes of the river Hohangho to be cut, which drowned the city, and deftroyed 300,000 of its inhabitants. E. Long. 113. 27. N. Lat. 35. 0. CAILLE (Nicholas Louis de la), an eminent mathematician and aftronomer, was born at a small town in the diocefe of Rheims in 1713. His father had ferved in the army, which he quitted, and in his retirement ftudied mathematics; and amufed himself with mechanic exercifes, wherein he proved the happy author of feveral inventions of confiderable ufe to the public. Nicholas, almolt in his infancy, took a fancy to mechanics, which proved of fignal service to him in his ma turer years. He was fent young to school at Mantesfur-Seine, where he discovered early tokens of genius. In 1729, he went to Paris; where he ftudied the claffics, philofophy, and mathematics. Afterwards he went to ftudy divinity at the college de Navarre, propofing to embrace an ecclefiaftical life. At the end of three years he was ordained a deacon, and officiated as fuch in the church of the college de Mazarin several years; but he never entered into priefts orders, apprehending that his aftronomical studies, to which he became moft affiduously devoted, might too much interfere with his religious duties. In 1739, he was conjoined with M. de Thury, fon to M. Caffini, in verifying the meridian of the royal obfervatory through the whole extent of the kingdom of France. In the month of November the fame year, whilft he was engaged day and night in the operations which this grand undertaking required, and at a great distance from Paris, he was, without any folicitation, elected into the vacant mathematical chair which the celebrated M. Varignon had fo worthily filled. Here he began to teach about the end of 1740; and an obfervatory was ordered to be erected for his ufe in the college, and furnished with a fuitable apparatus of the beft inftruments. In May 1741, M. de la Caille was admitted into the royal academy of fciences as an adjoint member for aftronomy. Befides the many excellent papers of his difperfed up and down in their memoirs, he published Elements of geometry, mechanics, optics, and aftronomy. Moreover, he carefully computed all the eclipfes of the fun and moon that had happened fince the Chriftian æra, which were printed in a book published by two Benedictines, entitled l'Art de verefier les dates, &c. Paris, 1750, in 4to. Besides thefe, he compiled a volume of aftronomical ephemerides for the years 1745 to 1755; another for the years 1755 to 1765; a third for the years 1765 to 1775; an excellent work entitled Aftronomia fundamenta noviffimis folis et ftellarum obfervationibus ftabilita; and the moft correct folar tables that ever appeared. Having gone through a feven years feries of aftronomical obfervations in his own obfervatory, he formed a project of going to obferve the fouthern ftars at the C Cape Caille. Cape of Good Hope. This was highly approved by the academy, and by the prime minifter Comte de Argenfon, and very readily agreed to by the ftates of Holland. Upon this, he drew up a plan of the method he proposed to purfue in his fouthern obfervations; fetting forth, that, befides fettling the places of the fixed stars, he propofed to determine the parallax of the moon, Mars, and Venus. But whereas this required correfpondent obfervations to be made in the northern parts of the world, he fent to thofe of his correfpondents who were expert in practical aftronomy previous notice, in print, what obfervations he defigned to make at such and fuch times for the faid purpose. At length, on the 21ft of November 1750, he failed for the Cape, and arrived there on the 19th of April 1751. He forthwith got his inftruments on fhore; and, with the affistance of fome Dutch artificers, fet about building an aftronomical obfervatory, in which his apparatus of inftruments was properly difpofed of as foon as it was in a fit condition to receive them. The fky at the Cape is generally pure and ferene, unless when a fouth-east wind blows. But this is of ten the cafe; and when it is, it is attended with fome ftrange and terrible effects. The stars look bigger, and feem to caper; the moon has an undulating tremor; and the planets have a fort of beard like comets. Two hundred and twenty-eight nights did our aftronomer furvey the face of the fouthern heavens; during which fpace, which is almoft incredible, he obferved more than 10,000 ftars; and whereas the ancients filled the heavens with monsters and old-wives tales, the abbe de la Caille chose rather to adorn them with the inftruments and machines which modern philofophy has • See the made ufe of for the conqueft of nature*. With no Planifphere lefs fuccefs did he attend to the parallax of the moon, in his Ca Mars, Venus, and the fun. Having thus executed the bum aufirale purpofe of his voyage, and no prefent opportunity offielliferum. fering for his return, he thought of employing the vacant time in another arduous attempt; no lefs than that of taking the measure of the earth, as he had already done that of the heavens. This indeed had, through the munificence of the French king, been done before by different fets of learned men both in Europe and America; fome determining the quantity of a degree under the equator, and others under the arctic circle but it had not as yet been decided whether in the fouthern parallels of latitude the fame dimenfions obtained as in the northern. His labours were rewarded with the fatisfaction he wished for; having determined a distance of 410,814 feet from a place called Klip-Fontyn to the Cape, by means of a base of 38,802 feet, three times actually measured: whence he difcovered a new fecret of nature, namely, that the radii of the parallels in fouth latitude are not the fame as thofe of the correfponding parallels in north latitude. About the 23d degree of fouth latitude he found a degree on the meridian to contain 342,222 Paris feet. He returned to Paris the 27th of September 1754; having in his almoft four years abfence expended no more than 9144 livres on himfelf and his companion; and at his coming into port, he refused a bribe of 100,000 livres, offered by one who thirfted less after glory than gain, to be fharer in his immunity from custom-house fearches. After receiving the congratulatory vifits of his more Caimar intimate friends and the aftronomers, he first of all Caille thought fit to draw up a reply to fome strictures which profeffor Euler had published relative to the meridian, Ilands. and then he fettled the refults of the comparison of his own with the obfervations of other aftronomers for the parallaxes. That of the fun he fixed at 9"; of the moon, at 56' 56'; of Mars in his oppofition, 36"; of Venus, 38". He alfo fettled the laws whereby astronomical refractions are varied by the different den, fity or rarity of the air, by heat or cold, and dryness or moisture. And, laftly, he showed an easy, and by common navigators practicable, method of finding the longitude at fea by means of the moon, which he illuftrated by examples felected from his own obfervations during his voyages. His fame being now established upon fo firm a bafis, the most celebrated academies of Europe claimed him as their own: and he was unanimously elected a member of the royal fociety at London; of the inftitute of Bologna; of the imperial academy at Petersburg; and of the royal academies of Berlin, Stockholm, and Gottingen. In the year 1760, Mr de la Caille was attacked with a fevere fit of the gout; which, however, did not interrupt the course of his ftudies; for he then planned out a new and immense work, no less than a history of aftronomy through all ages, with a comparison of the ancient and modern obfervations, and the conftruction and ufe of the inftruments employed in making them. In order to purfue the task he had impofed upon himself in a fuitable retirement, he obtained a grant of apartments in the royal palace of Vincennes; and whilft his aftronomical apparatus was erecting there, he began printing his Catalogue of the fouthern ftars, and the third volume of his Ephemerides. The ftate of his health was, towards the end of the year 1763, greatly reduced. His blood grew inflamed; he had pains of the head, obftructions of the kidneys, lofs of appetite, with an oppletion of the whole habit. His mind remained unaffected, and he refolutely perfifted in his ftudies as ufual. In the month of March, medicines were adminiftered to him, which rather aggravated than alleviated his fymptoms; and he was now fenfible, that the fame diftemper which in Africa, ten years before, yielded to a few fimple remedies, did in his native country bid defiance to the best phyficians. This induced him to fettle his affairs: his manuscripts he com mitted to the care and difcretion of his esteemed friend M. Maraldi. It was at last determined that a vein fhould be opened; but this brought on an obftinate lethargy, of which he died, aged 49. CAÏMACAN, or CAIMACAM, in the Turkish affairs, a dignity in the Ottoman empire, anfwering to lieutenant, or rather deputy, amongst us. There are usually two Caimacans; one refiding at Conftantinople, as governor thereof; the other attending the grand vizir in quality of his lieutenant, fecretary of state, and first minister of his council, and gives audience to ambaffadors. Sometimes there is a third caimacan, who attends the fultan; whom he acquaints with any public difturbances, and receives his orders concerning them. CAIMAN ISLANDS, certain American islands lying fouth of Cuba, and north-west of Jamaica, between 81° and 86° of weft longitude, and in 21 of north latitude. They are most remarkable on account of the 6 fishery |