In cases where an applicant for a Certificate as Master Ordinary has only served in a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, and is ignorant of the management of a square rigged vessel, he may obtain a Certificate on which the words "fore-and-aft rigged vessel," will be written. This is not however, to apply to Mates, who being younger men, are expected for the future to learn their business completely.

An EXTRA MASTER'S EXAMINATION is intended for such persons as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and are desirous of obtaining command of ships and steamers of the first class. Before being examined for an Extra Master's Certificate, an applicant must have served one year either as a Master with an Ordinary Certificate of Competency, or as a Master having a First Class Certificate, granted by one the former Boards of Examiners.

In Navigation.-As the vessels which such Masters will command frequently make long voyages, to the East Indies, Pacific, &c., the candidate will, in the first place, have to make all the Computations required of Master Ordinary, after which he must work a Lunar Observation by both Sun and Star; determine the Latitude by the Meridian Altitude of the Moon and by the Polar Star off the Meridian; and find the Latitude by double Altitudes of the Sun, and verify the result by Sumner's Method. He must be able to calculate the Altitudes of the Sun, Moon, or Star when they cannot be observed, for the purposes of Lunars; find the Error of a Watch by the Method of Equal Altitudes; and to correct the Altitudes observed with an artifical Horizon.

He must understand how to observe and apply the Deviation of the Compass; and to deduce the Set and Rate of the Current from the D. R. and Observation. He will be required to explain the nature of great Circle Sailing, and know how to apply practically that knowledge, but he will not be required to go into the calculations. He must be acquainted with the Law of Storms, so far as to know how he may probably best escape those tempests (common to the East and West Indies) known as Hurricanes, or Cyclones.

In Seamanship.-The Extra Examination will consist of an enquiry into the competency of the party to heave a ship down, in case of accident befalling her abroad; to get lower masts and other heavy weights in and out; how to construct rafts, and as to his resources for the preser

vation of the ship's crew in the event of wreck, and in such operations of a like nature, as the Examiner may consider necessary.*

QUALIFICATIONS FOR CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY FOR HOME TRADE PASSENGER SHIPS.

A MATE must write a legible hand, and understand the first four rules of Arithmetic. He must know and understand the Rule of the Road, and describe and show that he understands the Admiralty regulations as to Lights. He must be able to take a Bearing by Compass, and prick off the ship's course on a Chart. He must know the marks on the lead line, and be able to work and heave the log.

A MASTER must have served one year as a mate in the Foreign or Home Trade. In addition to the qualification required for a Mate, he must show that he is capable of navigating a ship along any coast, for which purpose he will be required to draw upon a Chart, produced by the Examiner, the Courses and Distances he would run along shore from headland to headland, and to give in writing the Courses and Distances corrected for Variation, and the Bearings of the headlands and lights,—and when the Courses should be altered, either to clear any dangers or to adapt it to the coast. He must also understand how to make his soundings according to the state of the Tide.

APPROPRIATE CERTIFICATES.

A person possessing a Master's Certificate, whether of Competency or Service, is eligible to command any vessels of whatsoever tonnage, and either Certificate is sufficient for clearance at the Custom House. But a condition in the Charter-party of vessels taken up by Government, for the conveyance of troops, stores, or emigrants, and also the Regulations of the Principal Steam Packet Companies, require that the Master and principal Officers shall possess Certificates of Competency.

The First Mate may engage as Mate of any kind.

The Only Mate as Mate when there is no other; or as Second Mate, when there is a First Mate.

The Second Mate is not appropriate for any superior station, and must be employed only in cases where a First Mate is also engaged. A Certificate of Competency for a Foreign-going Ship is equivalent

* The Examiner in Seamanship, by Thomas L. Ainsley, contains full information on this subject, for those preparing for the Extra Examination.

C

to a Certificate of equal or lower grade for a Home Trade Passenger Ship, and entitles the holder to fill the situation of Master or Mate, as the case may be.

Certificates of Competency or Service may be either of a grade appropriate to the Stations held for the time being, or of any superior grade.

N.B.-CAUTION TO OFFICERS PROCURING CERTIFICATES OF CHARACTER FROM OWNERS AND CAPTAINS-Certificates of Character from Owners and Captains, must particularly include the word "Sobriety," as they cannot otherwise be received by the Examiners at the Local Marine Board.

VOLUNTARY EXAMINATIONS IN STEAM.

Arrangements have been made for giving to those Masters, or First, or only Mates, who possess Certificates of Competency, or who may apply for such Certificates, and who desire it, an opportunity of undergoing an examination as to their practical knowledge of the use and working of the Steam Engine.

These Examinations are conducted in connection with the other Examinations, in the premises and under the superintendence of the Local Marine Boards, at such times as they may appoint for the purpose; and the Examiners are selected by the Board of Trade, from the Engineer Surveyors appointed under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854.

The Examination is viva voce and will not comprise intricate theoretical questions, but will be such as to satisfy the Examiners that the applicant is competent to control the working of the engine, and has such a knowledge of the ordinary parts of the machinery, as will enable him to judge of the nature of an accident, and, in the absence of the Engineer, to give the necessary directions in the engine room.

Any such person desiring to be so examined must deliver to the Shipping Master a statement in writing to that effect on the Schedule (or form) E.E. If he is already possessed of the requisite Certificate of Competency, he must deliver this statement to the Shipping Master, with his Certificate. Notice will be given of the time at which the applicant is to attend to be examined; and if he passes, the Board of Trade will cause his Certificate of Competency to be issued, or returned to him with an endorsement recording that he has "Passed in Steam."

He must also, at the same time, pay a fee of one pound; and if he fails, no notice of the failure will be recorded on the Certificate, but no part of the fee will be returned.

2.

One thousand, seven hundred and eighty-three.

3. Six thousand and eighty-six,

4. Eighty-nine thousand and sixty-three.

5. Six hundred and three thousand, two hundred and forty.

6. Twenty thousand, six hundred.

7. Ninety thousand and ninety-two.

8. Two hundred and four thousand, six hundred and forty-one.

9. Eight hundred thousand and eight hundred.

13. Ten million, ten thousand and ten.

14. Seventy million, seven hundred and four thousand, and thirty-two.

15. Forty-five million, three hundred and eighty-seven thousand, and twenty-five, 16. Three hundred and forty-nine million, four thousand and sixty-five.

17. One hundred million, ten thousand and one.

18. Eight hundred and forty-two million, two hundred and forty-eight thousand, four hundred and eighty-four.

19. Nine hundred and nine million, nine thonsand and ninety-nine.

21,

Three hundred and five million, forty thousand and eight.

22.

Seven hundred million, seven hundred thousand and seven hundred.

23. Two hundred and two million, two hundred and two thousand, two hundred. 24. Nine hundred million, and nine hundred.

It is usual in the applications of Arithmetic to express the operation of ADDITION by signs invented for the purpose: thus, the sum of 4 and 5 is expressed in the form 459, wherein the sign + between 4 and 5 denotes the addition of the latter number to the former, and is read plus or more by; and the sign between 5 and 9 expresses the result of such addition to be 9, or the equality between the sum of the numbers 4 and 5, and the number 9; so that the arithmetical expression 4 + 5 = 9 is read 4 plus 5 equals 9. Similarly, 2+3+7= 12, shows the sum of the three numbers 2, 3, 7, to be 12.