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The lower-purchase block is lashed forward (perhaps round the cutwater), and the fall being rove, the shears are raised by heaving upon it, and preventing the heels from slipping forward, by means of the heel tackles previously mentioned.

Sometimes a small pair of shears are erected for the purpose of raising the heads of the large ones; in which case care must be taken to place them so as to allow the heads or horns of the other pair to pass through.

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When the shears are up, or nearly perpendicular, cleet the shoes, so as to confine the heels to their places upon them. They then can be transported along the deck by means of the heel tackles and guys the situation required, taking care to make them rest upon a beam, and to have the deck properly shored up below.

Finally, give the shears the necessary rake by means of the guys,* and set taut the guys and heel tackles. Also five or six feet above the deck, on each leg put two cleets, for the purpose of applying two stout lashings from them above to the dead-eyes in the channels below, in order to give greater security; this being done, the shears may be considered ready.

TO TAKE IN THE MIZENMAST.-Tow the mizenmast alongside with the head aft, and the garland lashed on the forward part of the mast, above the centre; lash a pair of girtline blocks on the mast-head, and reeve the girtlines; bend the shear-head girtline to the mast below the bibbs, to cant it. Overhaul the main-purchase down abaft, thrust the strap through the eyes of the garland, toggle it, and secure the toggle by a back lashing. Take the fall to the capstan and "heave round;" when the heel rises near the rail, hook on a heel-tackle to ease it inboard. Get the mast fair for lowering by means of the girtlines, wipe the tennon dry, and tar both it and the step; "lower away," and step the mast.

Some distance may be saved by using no garlands, and having the purchase blocks lashed to the mast. The mast being stepped and wedged temporarily, "come up" the purchases, man the guy and heel tackles, and transport the shears forward for taking in the mainmast.

The object of taking in the mizenmast first is, because the breadth of beam is less aft than forward, and the heels of the shears being spread more as they go forward, the head lashing consequently becomes

* The main-tackle must be brought nearly to the plumb of the mast-hole.

The rule in this case is to take the height of the rail to the position of the lower block, when the tackle is block and block, and lash the lower block to the mast alongside, at a less distance from the heel than from the block to the rail, and must be above the part that takes the combings.

tauter; moreover, if the mizenmast was taken in last the bowsprit must be got in first, and thus the advantage of securing the shears to the foremast-head when getting in the bowsprit would be lost.

TO TAKE IN THE MAIN AND FOREMAST.-Proceed in the same manner as in getting in the mizenmast, rousing the shears forward with their shoes, by means of the heel tackles. It is better not to use garlands, when the shear legs are rather short, as lashing the purchase blocks to the mast shortens the distance. If the ship has a topgallant-forecastle, it would be well to step the mast forward of the shear legs, for the brake of the forecastle comes abreast of the partners; and in a case of this kind it would be well to take in the foremast first.

TO TAKE IN THE BOWSPRIT.-Having stepped and secured the foremast, carry the forward guys aft and rake the shears over the bow; toggle the lower block of the main-tackle to a garland lashed to the upper part of the bowsprit, inside of the centre. Put on the cap, and carry tackles or guys from the bowsprit-head to the cat-head, and clap on a heel-tackle or guy. Heave the bowsprit, and direct it by the small tackles and guys.

If the ship has a topgallant-forecastle, the bowsprit cannot be taken in with the shears without the assistance of a derrick, on account of the brake of the forecastle, it not being prudent to step shears on the top of it.

SENDING A TRESTLE-TREE ALOFT.-One girtline is used, the trestletree is slung with a span, so as to hang square, and to keep the girtline clear of the midship part which is to land on the hounds of the mast.

When both trestle-trees are in their places, they are bolted together through the mast-head. (A rope is clove-hitched round the mast-head for the men to steady themselves with whilst working aloft.)

TO PLACE A LOWER CROSS-TREE.-One girtline is bent to the crosstree on its own side, and is stopped to the opposite arm amidships.

"Sway away." When above the trestle-tree cut the upper stop, it will then hang square. The men aloft place and bolt it down to the

trestle-trees.

TO GET THE TOPS OVER THE MAST-HEADS.-Place the top on deck abaft the mast; get a girtline on each side of the mast-head, and pass the end of each under the top, through the holes in the after part; clinch them to their own parts, and stop them to the fore part of the top with slip-stops. Have a guy to the fore, and another to the after part of the top. Make the ends of a span fast to the after corners of the top, and bend a girtline from the mast-head to the bight of the span, and stop it to the forward part of the top. Sway away on the girtlines. When the fore part of the top is above the trestle-trees, cut the span

stops; and when the after part is above them, cast off the slip-stops. When the lubber-hole is high enough to clear the mast-head, haul on the forward guy, and let the top hang horizontally by the girtlines. Lower away, place, and bolt it.

The tops may be got over without the span and girtline, by stopping the two girtlines first rove to the middle as well as to the fore part of the top, and cutting the upper stops first. The fore and main tops are sent up from abaft, and the mizen from forward.

RIGGING THE FORE, MAIN, AND MIZENMASTS.-Before the trestle-trees are sent up, white-lead the mast-head in the wake of them; overhaul down the girtlines, and bend on the trestle-trees, with the after chock out, "sway away;" when above the bibbs, slip the stops so as to let them come down gradually into their places; then the after chock is sent up, let in and bolted. Tar the mast-head in the way of the rigging; overhaul again the girtlines for the bolsters, which are covered well with tarred canvas; sway them aloft and stop them. The girtline blocks are now lashed to the after part of the trestle-trees. Next the shrouds are hoisted over the mast-head-the starboard forward shroud first; then the larboard; and so on, alternately, taking care that the seizing aloft bears in a parallel direction, between the two lower dead-eyes which the shrouds will be set up to. As each pair of shrouds are put over the mast-head, drive them down as close as possible; the stay is now to be placed abaft, and below all.

To RIG A BOWSPRIT.-Lash collars for the forestay, bobstays, and bowsprit shrouds, then for the spring stay, and put on the bees for the topmast stays; fit the manropes, pass the gammoning, and set up bobstays and shrouds.

TO SEND UP A TOPMAST.-Get the topmast alongside, with its head forward. Lash a top-block to the head of the lowermast; reeve a mastrope through it, from aft forward, and bring the end down through the trestle-trees and reeve it through the sheave-hole of the topmast, hitching it to its own part a little below the topmast-head, and stopping both parts to the mast at intervals. Snatch the rope, and sway away. As soon as the head is through the lower cap, cast off the end of the mastrope, letting the mast hang by the stops, and hitch it to the staple in the other end of the cap. Cast off the stops, and sway away. Point the head of the mast between the trestle-trees and through the hole in the lower cap, the round hole of which must be put over the square hole of the trestle-trees. Lash the cap to the mast, hoist away, and when high enough, lower a little and secure the cap to the lowermast-head. (This is when it cannot be put on by hand.)

TO SEND TOPMAST CROSS-TREES UP.-If the cross-trees are heavy, they

may be placed in the following manner: -Sway away until the topmasthead is a few feet above the lower cap. Send up the cross-trees by girtlines, and let the after part rest on the lower cap, and the forward part against the topmast. Lower away the topmast until the cross-trees fall into their place, and then hoist until they rest on the shoulders.

PLACING TOPMAST RIGGING.-Tar the mast in the wake of the rigging, and clothe the bolsters as the lower ones; then place the span for gin blocks. Some prefer chain spans to shackle the iron-bound block to. The most approved method is an iron plate with a hook on each end, which lays across the trestle-trees. Next put over the mast-head pendants; then follow the strops with thimble in for standing part of the tyes. The shrouds are swayed up and placed over the topmast-head; the first pair on the starboard forward, then the larboard, and so on with the other pairs. Backstays are hoisted and placed the same as shrouds; stays are swayed up and lashed abaft the topmast-head.

TO CROSS A LOWER YARD.-Bring it alongside with the opposite yard-arm forward, reeve the yard-rope through the jeer block of the mast-head, make it fast to the slings of the yard, and stop it out to the yard-arm. Sway away, and cast off the stops as the yard comes over the side, and get the yard across the bulwarks. Lower yards are rigged now with iron trusses and quarter-blocks, which would be fitted before rigging the yard. Seize on the clew-garnet-block, and put the rigging over the yard-arm; first the stops for the head-earrings, then the footropes, then the brace blocks or pennants, and last the eye of the lift. (The lifts, brace pennants, and foot-ropes are now spliced or hooked into rings with thimbles on an iron band, round the yard-arm next the shoulders. In this way, there is no rope of any kind round the yardarm.) Reeve the lifts and braces, get two large tackles from the masthead to the quarters of the yard, and sway away on them and on the lifts, bearing off and sluing the yard by means of guys. Secure the yard by the iron trusses, and haul taut lifts and braces.

TO CROSS A TOPSAIL-YARD.-As topsail-yards now have chain-tyes, there are no tye-blocks to seize on. The quarter-blocks are first seized on, and the parral secured at one end, ready to be passed. A single parral has an eye on each end, and one end is passed under the yard and over, and the eye seized to the standing part, close to the yard. After the yard is crossed, the other end is passed round the mast, then round the yard, and seized in the same manner. To pass a double parral, proceed in the same manner, except that the seizings are passed so as to leave the eyes clear and above the standing part, and then take a short rope with an eye in each end, pass it round the mast, and seize the eyes to the eyes of the first long rope, The parral is wormed,

served, and leathered. The parral being served at one end, put on the head-earring strops, the foot ropes, Flemish horses, and brace blocks. Bend the yard-rope to the slings, stop it out to the yard-arm, and sway away until the yard is up and down; then put on the upper lift in the top and the lower lift on deck, and reeve the braces. Sway away, cast off the stops, and take in upon the lower lift as the yard rises, till the yard is square; then haul taut lifts and braces, and pass the parral.

The Mizen Topsail-Yard is rigged nearly the same as the main and mizen; but the brace blocks are on the foreside, and the Flemish horses generally spliced into bolts in the ends of the yards, with round thimbles in them.

TO CROSS A TOPGALLANT-YARD.-Seize on the parral and quarterblocks; reeve the yard-rope through the sheave-hole of the topgallantmast, make it fast to the slings of the yard, and stop it out to the upper end. Sway away, and when the upper yard-arm has reached the topmast-head, put on the upper lift and brace; sway away again, put on the lower lift and brace, cast off all the stops, settle the yard down square by lifts and braces, and pass the parral lashing.

JOINING SHIP AND FITTING HER OUT.-Suppose you join a ship having only her lowermasts and bowsprit standing-first, secure the bowsprit by means of the bobstays, gammoning, and shrouds; next get the tops over the mast-head; then tar and parcel the bolsters well, and place them; then get the rigging over the mast-head in the order stated before; set the rigging up, and stay it; next, get the lower cap on, the topmast up, topmast cross-tree on, topmast rigging over, &c.

ON MAKING AND TAKING IN SAIL.

TO SET A COURSE.-Loose the sail, and overhaul the buntlines and leech-lines. Let go the clew-garnets and overhaul them, and haul down on the sheets and tacks. If the ship is close-hauled, ease off the lee-brace, slack the weather lift and clew-garnet, and get the tack well down to the water ways. If it is blowing fresh, and the ship light handed, take it to the windlass. When the tack is well down, sharpen the yards up again by the brace, top it up well by the lift, haul aft the sheet, reeve and haul out the bowline.

If the wind is quartering, the mainsail is carried with the weatherclue hauled up and the sheet taken aft.

TO SET A TOPSAIL.-Loose the sail, and keep one hand in the top to overhaul the rigging. Overhaul well the buntlines, clewlines, and

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