will be to windward, and will tend to bring the stern round to the wind. When she is before it, haul the hawser aboard.

If the vessel will not go off, it will be necessary, as a last resort, to cut away the mizenmast, veer away the hawser, and use the mizentopmast as a drag to assist in wearing.

TO WEAR A SHIP UNDER CLOSE-REEFED MAINTOPSAIL AND STORMSTAYSAIL.—Have lifts, trusses, and rolling tackles attended, so that the yard and topmast may be well supported in the heavy rolling they are likely to experience. Haul down the mizen-storm-staysail, and when she falls off, up helm; ease off the main-storm-staysail sheet, and brace in the main and cross-jack yards, at the same time taking care to keep the maintopsail full, to preserve the head-way, and to keep her ahead of the sea; also to keep it from splitting. When the wind is on the quarter, haul down the main-storm-staysail, and shift over the sheet; when before the wind, right the helm, and square the head-yards; shift over the fore-storm-staysail sheet; watch for a smooth time to bringher-to; then ease down the helm, hoist the mizen-storm-staysail, and when the wind is on the quarter, brace up the head-yards, hoist the main-storm-staysail, haul aft the fore-storm-staysail sheet, meet her with the helm, trim the sails, and haul the maintop-bowline.

BOX-HAULING A SHIP.-Put the helm down, light up the head-sheets and slack the lee-braces, to deaden her way. As she comes to the wind, raise tacks and sheets, and haul up the mainsail and spanker. As soon as she comes head to the wind and loses her head-way, square the after yards, brace the head-yards sharp aback, and flatten in the head-sheets. The helm being put down to bring her up, will now pay her off as she has stern-way on. As she goes off, keep the after sails lifting, and square in the head-yards. As soon as the sails on the foremast give her headway, shift the helm. When she gets the wind on the other quarter, haul down the jib, haul out the spanker, set the mainsail, and brace the after yards sharp up. As she comes to on the other tack, brace up the head yards, meet her with the helm, and set the jib.

CLUB-HAULING A SHIP.-This method of going about is resorted to when on a lee-shore, and it is expected a ship will miss stays. Cock-bill your lee-anchor, get a hawser on it for a spring, and lead it to the leequarter; range your cable, and unshackle it abaft the windlass. Helm'sa-lee! and Raise tacks and sheets! as for going in stays. The moment she loses head-way, let go the anchor, and Mainsail haul! As soon as the anchor brings her head to the wind, let the chain cable go, holding on to the spring; and when the after sails take full, cast off or cut the spring, and Let go and haul!

ON A LEE-SHORE, NOT ROOM TO VEER OR STAY-NO ANCHORAGE-Put

the helm a-lee, and when she comes head to wind, let go tacks and sheets, and haul them all aback; get in the lee-tacks, so that the vessel may pay short round on her heel, and when the mainsail shivers, haul it up; when she gathers head-way, shift the helm, and when the wind. is on the quarter, shift the spanker, mainsail, &c., and bring her close to the wind.

GALES OF WIND, LYING-TO, ETC.

LYING-TO.-It is generally thought that the best single sail to lie-to under is a close-reefed maintopsail. The fore or the main-spencer, which sails are now very much used instead of main and mizen-staysails, may be used to advantage, according as a ship requires sail more before or abaft the centre of gravity. If a ship will bear more than one sail, it is deemed best to separate the pressure. Then set the fore and mainspencers; or, should she carry staysails instead, the main and mizenstaysails; or, if she is easier under lofty sail, the fore and maintopsails close-reefed. A close-reefed maintopsail, with three lower storm-staysails; or with the two spencers, foretopmast-staysail, and reefed spanker, is considered a good arrangement for lying-to. If the foretopmaststaysail, and balance-reefed spanker can be added to the two close-reefed topsails, she will keep some way, will go less to leeward, and can be easily wore round. Close-reefed topsails are used much more now for lying-to than the courses. As ships are now built with the centre of gravity further forward, and the foremast stepped more aft, they will lie-to under head sail better than formerly. Some vessels, which are well down by the stern, will lie-to under a reefed foresail, as this tends to press her down forward; whereas, if she had much after sail, she would have all the lateral resistance of the water aft, and would come up to the wind. In carrying most head or after sail, you must be determined by the trim of the vessel, her tendency to come to or go off, and as to whether the sail you use will act as a lifting or a burying sail. A topsail has an advantage over a spencer or lower-staysail for lyingto, since it steadies the ship better, and counteracts the heavy roll which a vessel will give under low and small fore-and-aft sails.

SCUDDING.-When scudding in a heavy gale of wind, care should be taken that sufficient of lofty sail should be carried on the vessel to keep her freely and fairly before the sea. A ship will scud better with the sea right aft than quartering. With a heavy sea, the danger to be apprehended is, that the wave, travelling faster than the ship, may overtake

and break over her. For scudding, the most approved sail seems to be the close-reefed maintopsail, with a reefed foresail. The course alone might get becalmed under the lee of a high sea, and the vessel losing her way, would be overtaken by the sea from aft; whereas the topsail will always give her way enough and lift her. The foresail is of use in case she should be brought by the lee. It has been recommended that the foretopmast-staysail or fore-storm-staysail should always be set in scudding, to pay her off if she should broach-to, and with the sheets hauled flat aft.

With the wind quartering and a heavy sea, it is deemed that a vessel is more under command with a close-reefed foretopsail and maintopmaststaysail. The foretopmast-staysail may also be hoisted. If the ship flies off and gets by the lee, the foretopsail is soon braced about, and, with the maintopmast-staysail-sheet shifted to the other side, the headway is not lost.

SCUDDING-BROACHES-TO.-This is when a vessel is scudding, and comes up into the wind and gets aback. For such an accident the foretopmast-staysail is set, which will act as an off-sail, so that by keeping the helm up, with the maintopsail (if set) braced into the wind, she will pay off again without getting stern-way. If the close-reefed foretopsail is carried instead of the main, it can be easily filled.

SCUDDING-BROUGHT BY THE LEE.-This is when a vessel is scudding with the wind quartering, and falls off so as to bring the wind on the other side, laying the sails aback. This is more likely to occur than broaching-to, especially in a heavy sea. Suppose the vessel to be scudding under a close-reefed maintopsail and reefed-foresail, with the wind on her larboard quarter. She falls off suddenly and brings the wind on the starboard quarter, laying all aback. Hard a-starboard your helm, raise fore-tack and sheet, and fill the foresail, shivering the maintopsail. When she brings the wind aft again, meet her with the helm, and trim the yards for her course.

ON ROUNDING-TO IN A GALE.-An experienced seaman remarks, that when he wished to bring-to in a hard gale, when running before a heavy sea, he always watched for a heavy sea breaking abaft the main chains, and immediately after he eased the helm down, and rounded-to at once, having previously prepared for doing so. In managing this way he found he could avoid shipping a sea.

TAKEN ABACK.-It will frequently happen, when sailing close-hauled, especially in light winds, from a shift wind, from it dying away, or from inattention, that the ship will come up into the wind, shaking the square sails forward. In this case it will often be sufficient to put the helm hard up, flatten in the head-sheets, or haul their bights to windward,

go

and haul up the spanker. If this will not recover her, and she continues to come to, box her off. Raise fore-tack and sheet, haul up the spanker and mainsail, brace the head-yards aback, haul the jib-sheets to windward, and haul out the lee-bowlines. When the after sails fill, Let and haul! This manœuvre of boxing can only be performed in good weather and light winds, as it usually gives a vessel stern-way. If the wind has got round upon the other bow, and it is too late for box-hauling, square the yards fore-and-aft, keeping your helm so as to pay her off under stern-way: and, as the sails fill, keep the after yards shaking, and haul up the spanker and mainsail, squaring the head-yards and shifting your helm as she gathers head-way.

Suppose that, instead of coming-to, you are taken aback in light winds. Put the helm up if she has head-way, haul up the mainsail and spanker, and square the after yards. Shift the helm as she gathers stern-way; and when the after sails fill and she gathers head-way, shift the helm again. When she brings the wind aft, brace up the after yards, get the main-tack down and sheet aft, and haul out the spanker as soon as it will take. The head braces are not touched, but the yards

remain braced as before.*

ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS AT

SINGLE ANCHOR.†

ANCHOR TURNING IN THE GROUND.—In order to insure the certainty of an anchor turning in the ground with the tending or swinging of the ship, it is recommended (whenever it is possible to resort to this practice) to shoot the ship on the same side of her anchor, at each change of tide; for if the anchor should not turn in the ground, the cable will get foul, either about the stock or upper fluke, and trip it out of the ground.

TO TEND TO A WEATHER TIDE.-Let it be supposed that a ship is riding at single anchor, upon a lee tide, with the wind in the same direction as the tide, and that it be required, upon the tide setting to windward, to tend the ship clear of her anchor. To effect this, as soon as the ship begins to feel the turn of the weather tide, and that the vessel brings the wind broad on the weather-bow, the head sails should

* The former mode of wearing by squaring the head-yards, when the after-yards are full, has a great advantage over the latter method, as the vessel will go off faster when the wind is abeam and abaft, and will come-to quicker when the wind gets on the other side.

† See The Anchor Watch, an admirable little book on this subject, published by J. D. Potter, 31, Poultry, London.

LL

be hoisted, and the lee sheets hauled aft, in order to shoot the ship from her anchor, on a taut cable. The helm must be put "a-lee," and kept in that position until the tide sets the ship over to windward of her cable, and the buoy appears on the same side with the helm. If from light winds the buoy bears nearly abeam, her head sails may be hauled down; but if the breeze be strong, and it causes the ship to shoot in a direction nearly end-on with that of the cable, bringing the buoy on her quarter, it will be necessary to keep the foretopmast-staysail set, in order to check the vessel, should she be disposed to break her shear against the action of her helm, or be inclined to drop to windward and go over" her anchor, in a broadside or lateral direction.

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TO KEEP THE HAWSE CLEAR WHEN MOORED.-When it is nearly slack water, cant her with the helm the right way, and, if necessary, make use of jib, spanker, and yards.

TO TEND TO WINDWARD.-When the tide slacks, shear her with the helm, run up the jib and foretopmast-staysail, with weather-sheets aft; when canted the right way, the lee-sheets may be hauled aft, and the yards filled, thus setting her abreast to a taut cable; when the buoy is on the lee-quarter, brace the head-yards to the wind, and fill the after ones; when the tide swings her head round so as to shake the sails, haul down and stow them.

TO TEND TO LEEWARD.-As the tide slackens, shear her to the same side of the buoy on which she came to windward, and fill the yards, which will set her end-on over the cable; she will now, by the effect of the wind, bring her stern over the cable, and bring the buoy on the weather-quarter; put the helm "a-weather," and she will shoot ahead, tautening the cable by shearing her head from the wind. When the wind gets a little aft the beam, hoist the jib to prevent the cable from drawing her head to wind.

Let her lie in this position until she falls off; when the head sails shake, haul down and stow them.

TO BREAK THE SHEAR.-When tending to the tide, and the ship comes over her anchor, she may break her shear by canting her stern the wrong way; when this is the case put the helm "a-weather," run the jib up, fill the head-yards, and the after-yards kept to. Everything is now arranged to bring her round again, when she must be managed as before mentioned.

NOTE.-In Taylor's instructions for the management of ships at single anchor, which are universally read by mariners, it is recommended "always to shear a ship to windward, for if the wind is blowing across the tide, or nearly so, the cable is eased of a great part of the strain by keeping the helm a few spokes down; but it must not be supposed that a ship should be kept always to windward of the anchor, for it is impossible to do so except in a very deep ship, and during the strength of the