When in one, bearing S.S.W. W., and N.N.E. E., they lead about half-a-mile to the Eastward of the North Carr Rock. The lights must on no account be opened to the Westward. Bell Rock-One revolving light, every 2 minutes; Bright and Red alternately. Buddonness, or Tay-on the Ness-' -Two fixed lights. Bearing N.N.W. W., and S.S.E. E. Leading lights between the Gaa and Abertay Sands, at the mouth of the river Tay. Girdleness-on the Ness-Two fixed lights Vertical, in the same tower. Seen from N.N.E. to W.S.W. W. by the Eastward. Buchanness-on the Ness-One flashing light, flashes every 5 seconds. Visible from N. by E. to S.W. by W., by the Eastward. Kinnaird Head-on the Head-One fixed light. Shows Red N.N.W. W., and northerly as far as the land admits. Visible from W.N.W. to S.S.E.E. Northerly and Easterly. Covesea Skerries-on Craig Head-One revolving light, every minute. Visible from W. by N. N., round Northerly and Easterly, to S.E. by E. E., Bright; but from S.E. by E. E. southerly to S.E. S., Visible from S.E. E. to W. by N. N. by the North. Holburn Head-One flashing light, every IO Seconds. Cantick Head-Orkney Islands-One revolving light, every minute. Hoy-Orkney Islands-Two fixed lights. The high light stands on the N.E. point of Gremsa Island; and the low light on its N.W. point. High light, Red from Seaward, but White when between S.S.E. E., and W.S.W.; it also lights a small arc towards Cava, in Scapa Flow, between N. W., and N.N.W.A W. The low light, White, is visible between E. S. and W. N. round by N. When the lights are in one, they lead between the rocks of Bow and Kirk; when within half-a-mile of the shore on this line, the high light disappears below the foreground, and it is then time to haul towards the Stromness shore, when the Red light will re-appear. Start Point-on the East Point of Sanday Island-One fixed light. North Ronaldsha-on the North Point One flashing light, flashes every 10 seconds. Sumburgh Head-on the S.W. Point of the Shetlands-One fixed light. Visible from N.E. by E. E., round to N.W. by N. N. by the Southward. Cape Wrath-on the Cape, N.W. Point of Scotland-One revolving light, every 2 minutes; Bright and Red alternately Visible from S. E. to S.W. by W., by the N. Butt of Lewis-N. Point-One fixed light. Barra Head-highest part of Bernera Is land, S. Point of Hebrides-One intermittent light. White 2 minutes, then dark minute, visible from N. by E. to E.N.E., by W. and S. Skerryvore on the Rock, 12 miles W.S.W. from Tyree Island-One revolving light, every minute. LEADING LIGHTS OF ST. GEORGE'S CHANNEL. COAST OF IRELAND. Fastnet-on the summit of the Rock-One revolving light, every 2 minutes; visible 18 miles. This is instead of that formerly shown on Cape Clear. There is a dangerous rock, carrying only 11 feet at low water, 400 yards N.E. by E. of the Fastnet. Kinsale-on S. Point of the Old HeadOne fixed light, visible 21 miles. Red light is shown in a line to the Horse Rock, in Courtmacsherry Bay; Bright to Seaward. Cork Harbour, or Queenstown-on Roche Point, E. side of entrance-One revolving light, visible 14 miles. Red, towards the sea; towards the harbour, Bright. Ballycotton-on the Outer Island-One flashing light, every 10 seconds; visible 18 miles, Seen from E. N., round Southerly, to W. N. There are red panes of glass at the foot of the apparatus, to warn vessels not to approach within that mark. When visible, tack off shore, 280 LEADING LIGHTS OF ST. GEORGE'S CHANNEL. Minehead-S. side of Head-One inter- | Carlingford-on Haulbowline Rock-Two mittent light, every minute. Bright 50 seconds; suddenly eclipsed 10 seconds. Seen from E.N.E. N. to W. S., and visible 21 miles. Waterford-Hook Tower, E. side of entrance-One fixed light, visible 16 miles. Saltees-Light vessel-Two fixed lights, Off Coningbeg Rock, the southernmost of the Tuskar on the Rock-One revolving light Red light seen 10 miles, and visible every sixth minute. Blackwater Bank-Light vessel-One fixed | In 19 fathoms, off N.E. part of Bank. light, every minute; visible 10 miles. Moored South end of the Bank, in 22 fathoms. Wicklow-on the Head-Two fixed lights, visible 21 and 16 miles. When in one, they lead between the India and DUBLIN BAY: Kish-Light vessel-Three fixed lights, At the end of S. Wall, at the entrance to the Rockabill-One flashing light, every 12 seconds; White flash between N.W. and S.W. by S.; Red flash towards land. fixed lights in the same tower, visible 15 miles. The lower light from half flood to half ebb. Dundrum Bay-on St. John's Point-One intermittent light, every minute; visible 12 miles. The light is Red for 45 seconds; suddenly eclipsed for 15 seconds. South Rock-on the Rock-One revolving Copeland-on small Copeland Island-—One Rathlin-on N.E. Point of Island-Two lights in same tower; the upper light revolving every minute, giving a Bright light during 50 seconds, then eclipsed for 10 seconds. The lower light, fixed. The upper light visible from seaward, between the bearings of S.E. S., round by the Eastward, to N.E. by N.; and in the channel Westward of Rathlin Island, from E.N.E. N. to E. N., and is coloured Red on the line of the Carickavanan Rock. Visible in clear weather 21 miles. The lower light is a separate light within the distance of 10 miles, and from seaward between the bearings of S.E. by S., and N.N.EE., and not visible in the channel Westward of Rathlin Island. Innishowen-on Dunagree Point-Two fixed lights. Innistrahul-on N.E. part of the IslandOne revolving light, every 23 minutes; visible 18 miles. Lough Swilly-on Fanad Point-One fixed Tory Island-on N.W. part of the Island To vessels passing to the S.E. of the Island, the WELSH AND SCOTCH COASTS, INCLUDING THE ISLE OF MAN. Smalls-on the Rock-One fixed light, | Bardsey—on the Island—One fixed light, visible 15 miles. South Bishop-on the Rock-One revolving light, every 20 seconds; visible 18 miles. Cardigan Bay-Light vessel, between South Bishop and Bardsey Island-One Red revolving light, every 30 seconds, when it appears brightest. visible 17 miles. Stack-on South Stack Rock, off N.W. Point of Holyhead Island-One revolving light, every 2 minutes; visible 19 miles. During foggy weather, a small Bright light revolving in 1 minute is occasionally shown about 40 feet above the sea, and 30 yards North of the main lighthouse. Skerries-on the highest Island-One fixed light, visible 16 miles, ISLE OF MAN: A Red gleam shown over the Coal Rock to E.Ayre-mile S. W. of the Point-One re S. Lynus-on the Point-One flashing light, in 10 seconds; visible 8 and obscured 2 seconds; seen 16 miles. ENTRANCE TO MERSEY AND DEE RIVERS: Air-on the Point, at low-water markOne fixed light. From N.W. to W. it shows bright; from N.W. Northerly, to E. by S. S., Red; from E. by S. S. to S. by E., Bright. The Red light is visible only within the Hoyle Sand. A Bell is sounded in foggy weather. Liverpool North-West Light Ship—One revolving light, every minute. Off the W. extreme of the 3 and 4 fathom Tongue in 6 fathoms. Hoylake-near the Church-Two fixed lights. When in one S.W. by S., you may haul up the Rock Channel. volving light, every 2 minutes; Bright and Red alternately. Visible 15 miles from S. by W. North-easterly to W. by N. Calf of Man-W. side of Calf Island-Two revolving lights, every 2 minutes; visible 24 and 22 miles: high light visible from E.N.E. to S.E. by E., by the Westward. When in one, they lead on the Chicken Rock. Douglas-on the Head-One fixed light, visible 14 miles. Not visible from Lang Ness, but with three miles' offing, it will be seen N.E. . E.. and the Calf light at the same time N.W. by W. W. Bahama Bank-Light vessel, a mile off the S.E. tail of the Shoal, in 11 fathomsTwo fixed lights, visible 10 miles. Mull of Galloway-on S. Point-One intermittent light, every 3 minutes; visible 2 minutes, and half minute eclipsed. Visible 23 miles from N.E. to N.W. W. Bidston on Bidstor. Hill-One fixed light Corsewall-on the Point, W. side of en visible 23 miles. Leasowe One fixed light, visible 15 miles. On the shore midway between the Mersey and Dee Rivers. Rock-One revolving light, every minute; visible 14 miles. On the point W. Side of the river Mersey. This light is bright for two minutes, then Red the third minute. A Fixed light shows down the Rock Channel and up the river, when 11 feet water. Crosby-Light vessel-One fixed Yellow light, visible 8 miles. Crosby Channel, N.E. elbow of Great Burbo Crosby-near Crosby Point-One fixed At the point of meeting of the Crosby and Queen's Great Orme Head-One fixed light, visible 24 miles. White between S.E. by E. E. by the South to West; Red from W. to W. N. trance of Loch Ryan-One revolving light, every 2 minutes; Bright and Red alternately: visible 15 miles from N.E. by E., Northerly, to S.W. Sanda Island-on Ship Rock-One fixed Red light. Pladda Island-on S.E. Point of Arran Island-Two fixed lights, vertical; visible 17 and 14 miles, from N.W. by W., Southerly, to N.E. by E. Davar Island-on Eastern part-One revolving light, every 30 seconds; visible 17 miles, from N. W. to E. by S., by the North. Clyde River-Cumbræ, on W. side of Little Cumbræ-One fixed light, visible 15 miles. Mull of Cantyre-on S.W. headland of Cantyre-One fixed light. Rhynns of Islay-on Oversay Island, off S.W. Point of Islay-One flashing light every 5 seconds. LEADING LIGHTS OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL. Trevose Head-on N.W. part-Two fixed | lights, visible 19 miles. The lower light is 50 feet in advance of the higher Lat. 50° 33' N., long 5° 1 W. one. Lundy-on the ridge of the Island-Two lights in one tower; upper, revolving every 2 minutes; lower, fixed, and visible 30 miles, Moored S. side of Bristol Channel, in 6 fathoms Usk-W. side of entrance of the river Two fixed lights, and visible 10 miles. A Red light in this tower, 20 feet below the Bright light, leads into the River on a N. by W. W. bearing, between a Black and White Buoy, two cables apart, at the entrance and 1 mile from the tower, which bears from the Western or Black Buoy, N. by W., and from the Eastern one N.N.W. Another Red light is also shown up the river, in a N.E. direction, towards Newport, elevated 39 feet. Nash-on the Point-Two fixed lights, visible 18 and 16 miles. The lights in one, N.W. by W. W., lead a cable's length S. of Nash Sand Mumbles—on the Head—A fixed light, and visible 15 miles. Scarweather-Light vessel-One Red revolving light every 20 seconds. Off the W. end of the sand. A half globe above Helwick-Light vessel-A light revolving St. Ann's-on St. Ann's point, Milford When in one, they lead clear of the Crow and OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO ENTERING AND NAVIGATING THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. WHEN running for the Channel, the ground should invariably be sought for in good time; nor should the lead in any case be neglected after the ground has once been obtained, especially during the night; because in the parallel of 51° 10' N. the same soundings will be found as at 10, 18, 28, and 43 leagues from Scilly. Nor is this identity confined to that latitude alone. By the above precaution, all the various alterations in depth, substance, and colour will be progressively unfolded while advancing to the eastward, and the parallel of latitude with greater facility preserved or regained if temporarily quitted. Generally speaking, the water in the entrance of the Channel is from 8 to 10 fathoms deeper towards the French coast than towards the English. The soundings, too, are coarser; the stones are larger; and the different substances altogether more loose and unconnected, and the compound of a paler colour than on the northern side of the Channel. THE BEST PARALLEL for entering the Channel is between 49° 15′ and 49° 25', according to the inclination of the wind; because it is between those limits that the relative situation of your vessel can with the greatest certainty be ascertained, as well in respect to depth of water as to quality of ground (alluding to the discrimination between oaze and sand), and which cannot be so well defined in any other latitude, The keeping on this parallel is rendered still more necessary, in consequence of the rotary motion and northerly inclination of the tide to the westward, south-westward, and southward of Scilly. Between the parallels of 49° 15′ and 49° 25′ N., the edge of the bank of soundings will be found in the longitude of 11° 18′ W. Here the depths of water will be from 270 to 335 fathoms, and the ground a mixture of sand and dark-greenish oaze. From hence, as you proceed towards the Channel, you will find sand and oaze for 16 leagues further eastward, the depths decreasing very suddenly from 81 and 80 fathoms to 71 and 69, and the ground changing to coarse and fine reddishyellow sand and shingle. ON THE PARALLEL OF FASTNET ROCK, or that of 51° 23′ N. and in 11° 34′ W., are 286 fathoms water, the ground a sort of fine dark viscous brown sand; this is the edge of the bank. Thence, as you proceed eastward, the depths decrease very suddenly. In the longitude of 11o, are 96 fathoms, very fine dark sand; from hence to the longitude of 10° 30', the depths decrease more gradually-viz., about 4 fathoms every 5 miles-but again decrease very suddenly until within 5 leagues of the land. Seven leagues westward of the Mizen Head, there are 60 fathoms, oazy ground; and not further off than 10 leagues, 80 fathoms will be found-the bottom oaze, as before. ON THE PARALLEL OF TREVOSE HEAD.-Vessels running for the Bristol Channel, and bound into the Severn from the Atlantic, should endeavour to preserve the parallel of Trevose Head, or that of 50° 30′, not only with a view of counteracting the north-westerly and northerly excess of tide which prevails in the Irish Channel, but because the soundings, on approaching it, decrease gradually, and because this promontory projects a considerable distance to the westward beyond the general direction of the Cornish coast. The land, also, being very high and steep, renders it the most eligible spot for a landfall between the Land's End and Hartland Point, from whence a vessel may with confidence shape a course for the Bristol Channel. On this parallel, and in the longitude of 10° 53', are 140 fathoms, fine dark-brown sand; this appears to be the edge of the bank of soundings in that latitude. From hence, the transition to shoal water is very sudden, as 13 miles further eastward are only 94 fathoms. This depth is in the longitude of 10° 32′ W., and as you proceed easterly, the depths more gradually decrease. In longitude 9° 44', are 71 fathoms, very fine dark-grey sand, of the consistency of beaten pepper; 7 leagues further eastward, are 71 and 69 fathoms also; the latter soundings are, however, oazy. On the western extreme of the Nymph Bank, are 59, 55, and 53 fathoms; and the south-western extremes of the said bank lie in 60 |